HIDDEN_HEAD J – MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

Head J – Ministry of Defence

The Chairman: Head J – Ministry of Defence. Ms Indranee Rajah.

Singapore's Security Environment

Ms Indranee Rajah (Tanjong Pagar): Sir, I beg to move,

That the total sum to be allocated for Head J of the Estimates be reduced by $100.

Sir, I would like, if I may, to ask the Minister for Defence a concentric question. Concentric because it starts with an overview and narrows down to specifics.

First, the current international security environment still has that US focus on Iraq and Afghanistan. Some Singaporeans wonder what that has to do with us, what impact it has on us, because Singapore has supported the US in its efforts in Iraq as well as Afghanistan. I would like the Minister to comment on the relevance of Singapore's position with respect to this international perspective.

Moving in a little bit closer, China and India obviously have risen very rapidly economically. Does their economic rise also impact on the security landscape around us? To what degree does it impact on it? What sort of cooperation do we have with them?

Coming in a little closer to the region, I would like to ask the Minister for his assessment of our security environment in the region. Prior to 2001, our security threat assessment was more in terms of conventional threats. Since 2001, however, it is clear that the biggest threat to our security environment is the non-conventional threat of terrorism. We are surrounded by countries where terrorism is an issue. There had been reports of militant groups in Indonesia as well as, of course, incidents of terrorism in Indonesia. There are separatist groups in the Philippines as well as unrest in southern Thailand. Closer to home, we have had the detention of the JI detainees, and the escape of Mas Selamat from the detention centre two days ago is a stark reminder that the threat is also present here. The fact that it interlinks with our neighbouring countries can be seen from the fact that the Malaysian security forces went on alert when the news of the escape came out and the Indonesian security forces are obviously also on standby.

With that sort of surrounding environment, I would like to ask the Minister if he could update us on his assessment of our regional security environment.

That also brings us to cooperation between the Home Team and the SAF because, obviously, I had seen in the news in the past couple of days that, with the manhunt going on, I saw not just Home Team personnel but SAF personnel involved there as well. I would like to ask the Minister about the degree of cooperation between the Home Team, the SAF as well as the other security agencies, whether coordination has been working, whether there had been any hiccups, whether or not there are lessons to be learnt from it, and what else can be done.

Perhaps, if the Minister could also give us an overview of the issue of maritime security, piracy in the straits which has been a persistent problem, whether the situation has improved, the role that the Republic of Singapore Navy plays, and whether or not there are further steps to be taken in that respect.

The Senior Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Manpower (Mr Hawazi Daipi): Sir, I also would like to talk about and ask questions on Singapore's security environment.

We live in a world of uncertainty. The consequence of the end of the Cold War, the rise of China and India as economic and military powers as well as the threat of global terrorism pose constant challenge to the security and safety of states, more so for small states like Singapore. I believe Singaporeans support the Government's defence policy which has brought about a strong SAF that protects their safety and provides security. However, the uncertainty in the global and regional security environment calls for constant vigilance and agility of our defence policy.

Here, I would like to ask the Minister for an update on the security environment around Southeast Asia and the wider region. Are we cooperating better with our neighbours to enhance our collective security in Southeast Asia, in particular, as an example, with Indonesia, despite the problems that we have in implementing the already agreed Defence Cooperation Agreement? Are the two countries cooperating in other mutually beneficial collaboration? How has the success been of our own and ASEAN's policy of engaging the major powers in dialogues on security in the region? What have been the attitude and response of the United States, Russia, China and India, for example, to ASEAN's aspiration for peace and stability?

Sir, I would also like to know about the progress of specific defence cooperation, such as one in combating piracy and terrorist attacks in the Straits of Malacca which is critical to our economic well-being. I believe clear articulation of the security challenges and threats to Singapore would help Singaporeans understand and appreciate our defence policies better. This is especially so because Singaporeans are directly or indirectly involved in Singapore's defence through National Service. The escape of the Jemaah Islamiyah mastermind, Mas Selamat Kastari, from detention yesterday has highlighted the potential threat of terrorism and terrorist attacks in Singapore. Can the Minister give his assessment on the extent of the threat from terrorist groups in Singapore and around the region?

The Chairman: Ms Indranee Rajah, take your two cuts together. Four minutes total.

Regional Security Architecture

Ms Indranee Rajah: Sir, with respect to our regional security architecture, I would like to ask the Minister the following questions:

(1) What kind of architecture do we have in place with our neighbouring countries for defence and security cooperation, both on the multilateral and bilateral fronts, so as to achieve a more stable and peaceful environment for Singapore?

(2) On the multilateral front, could the Minister update us on what kind of defence cooperation we have within the framework of the ASEAN Charter?

(3) What has been achieved with the past ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting (ADMM)and what does the ADMM hope to achieve, going forward?

(4) Have we arrived at a point where we can say that there is a common ASEAN defence approach or, if we have not arrived at that point, at what point are we precisely at the moment?

(5) Moving beyond ASEAN, could the Minister also update us on defence cooperation on the bilateral front? With Indonesia, of course, the DCA appears to be in a state of suspension. Could the Minister update us on that?

(6) What about our relations with Malaysia?

(7) Yesterday, in the Committee of Supply for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Minister for Foreign Affairs mentioned that we have reached an agreement with India on training for the Republic of Singapore Air Force. I would be grateful if the Minister for Defence could elaborate on this and provide us with further details, and also whether we have similar types of defence cooperation with China.

(8) Could the Minister also tell us about our cooperation, if any, with Japan and Vietnam?

Defence Diplomacy and Relations

Defence diplomacy may sound a little like a contradiction in terms, but we have seen in recent years that defence diplomacy is something that has assumed greater importance on the international front. Singapore has been fortunate enough to have many years of peace. That does mean though that we are not necessarily engaged in offensive operations but it does not mean that we stand down in terms of training or actual operations.

In the past couple of years, we have had peace time operations, such as the tsunami relief operations, which have engendered a great deal of goodwill for the SAF. I would like to ask the Minister what has been achieved through defence diplomacy and how has that helped to, if you like, consolidate Singapore's position in terms of security.

Defence Diplomacy – Malaysia/Indonesia

Mr Michael Palmer (Pasir Ris-Punggol): Sir, Singapore has good relations with Malaysia. Of course, there have been ups and downs but, of late, relations have been rejuvenated and have improved. Our defence relations with Malaysia, in my view, are equally strong. I accompanied the Minister on a recent bilateral visit to Malaysia and I came away with the impression that bilateral relationship with our neighbour is healthy. May I ask the Minister to give his views on the bilateral defence relationship with Malaysia?

Notwithstanding the close bilateral relationship and the fact that Singapore takes part in Five-Power Defence Exercises with Malaysia, I understand that restrictions still apply to our aircraft flying in Malaysian airspace. In fact, I understand that even during the combined exercises, such as the Five-Power Defence Exercises, restrictions are imposed on our aircraft only. There are no restrictions placed on aircraft from other countries taking part. In the face of the good relationship, this is an odd position for a friendly country to take. May I ask the Minister to clarify what the current airspace restrictions are that are imposed by Malaysia in respect of RSAF aircraft, and whether we intend to take any steps to correct this position and, if so, what steps?

Turning to Indonesia, our bilateral relations with Indonesia appear also to be on a firm footing. However, the Defence Cooperation Agreement, as Ms Indranee Rajah has mentioned, appears to have been put in cold storage, with no sign of implementation in sight. The DCA, together with the Extradition Treaty, was finalised on 23rd April last year. After the signing of both agreements as a package, the Indonesians raised various issues concerning the DCA which I can only surmise as being a tactic aimed at scuttling the implementation of it. Out of goodwill, we made a proposal for a way forward on 22nd May last year. Since then, we have heard nothing and no progress appears to have been made. May I ask the Minister to give us an update on the state of defence relations with Indonesia? What is the present status of the DCA? Is there any prospect of getting Indonesia to comply with its obligations under the DCA? What are we doing about it? What has been the response, if any, to our proposal for a way forward which we made on 22nd May 2007?

Security of Straits of Malacca

Dr Ong Chit Chung (Jurong): Sir, the Straits of Malacca constitutes a vital sea lane for international shipping. It is an important channel of access while, at the same time, it can be a choke point or bottleneck. If it is infested with pirates, if it fell into the wrong hands or if it were obstructed, it will bring trade to a standstill and it will be extremely bad for Singapore as we depend on trade and imports for food and oil. Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia are working closely together in joint patrols to keep the Straits of Malacca open and safe. But are such joint patrols sufficient? What about the role of major powers like the USA? What happens if there is a terrorist attack on the Straits of Malacca? How would we deal with such a threat? Or, if a huge tanker were damaged and sunk in the Straits of Malacca, thereby blocking the passage, what action can Singapore take?

Sir, what is the state of our defence diplomacy and relations with Indonesia and Malaysia? In particular, how are we going to cope in the case of Indonesia in the absence of the proposed Defence Cooperation Agreement? Is Malaysia still engaging Singapore in the Five-Power Defence Agreement or are there restrictions? Are we having good defence relations with Malaysia at the moment?

Contributions to UN Stabilisation and Reconstruction Missions

The Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for National Development (Dr Mohamad Maliki Bin Osman): Sir, the last couple of years, we have seen much natural disasters affecting different parts of the world. We have seen Singaporeans actively involved in humanitarian missions, providing relief efforts to affected victims. When the Asian tsunami occurred a couple of years ago, our military personnel played both a pro-active and critical role in providing assistance to an affected country like Indonesia. Our SAF's immediate response to the incident and subsequent involvement in the reconstruction process brought international recognition and commendation for Singapore.

Sir, as a member of the international community, we cannot turn our back to those who need assistance. The United Nations are also constantly asking member nations to provide troops for peacekeeping missions in war-torn and disaster-stricken areas. I would like to ask the Minister how has Singapore responded to the UN's call for military personnel to support its stabilisation and reconstruction missions. How many of our servicemen have thus far been sent to such missions and have there been more requests to date? What are the SAF's plans in responding to these requests? Do we see ourselves playing a greater role in such UN stabilisation and reconstruction missions? If so, how?

Sir, as we start participating in such missions, I would also like to ask the Minister what are the procedures that have been put in place to ensure that our personnel's psychological well-being is taken care of. The experience can both be either enriching or traumatic. If it is the latter, what support is put in place to help affected personnel overcome the trauma?

Mr Arthur Fong (West Coast): Sir, as a small state, Singapore has always had a strong stake in the maintenance of an orderly international system. As a nation, Singapore is committed to the principles of the UN Charter and firmly supports the UN's role in maintaining international peace and security.

Sir, I am happy to report that despite being a small country, Singapore has always been a firm supporter of UN stabilisation, peacekeeping and reconstruction missions to the best of our ability. In the last decade, we had participated in many missions worldwide. Singapore was among the first to respond to calls for participation in the international effort to help bring peace and stability to East Timor. We contributed two LSTs, a SAF liaison team and a medical detachment to support the UN-mandated International Force for East Timor, and an LST and a Charlie-130 detachment to assist in the transition to the UN Transitional Administration in East Timor, as well as a medical team, military observers and police officers to support the UN's work in East Timor.

Sir, Singaporeans may wonder why we are such active supporters of UN efforts globally. We have such limited resources and will be facing a somewhat uncertain economic landscape a year or two ahead. This would, to some, seem like resources that could be better spent at home. I myself have asked about the amount of resources we have spent in Aceh during the tsunami aid process.

While I understand that our participation in UN efforts are important, I hope that the Minister can share with us the rationale for participation of Singapore in UN programmes and also an account of our recent activities.

Operational Readiness of 3rd Generation SAF

3.15 pm

Dr Ong Chit Chung: Sir, the SAF has made much progress over the last few years and has been transformed into a 3G SAF.

In the earlier years, we projected the SAF as the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. Then came joint operations. Now we emphasise one SAF – the SAF as an integrated fighting force. In the new development, SAF has acquired new weapons and upgraded its hardware. Its emphasis is on technology, fire power and mobility. But operational doctrines must move in tandem with changes in technology, equipment and force structure. How then can the SAF ensure that its doctrines are revised and updated constantly and that its officers and men are trained and orientated to the new doctrines?

Sir, in terms of an integrated fighting force, what is the best command structure to exercise diverse operations that the SAF has to undertake which may entail the deployment of different units from the Army, Navy and Air Force? A question is: who is in command? What is indeed an integrated command? Is the SAF prepared to counter a terrorist attack or a biological or chemical attack? How can the SAF support the Ministry of Home Affairs in preventing or addressing such incidents like the escape of Mas Selamat?

While we talk about a 3G SAF, will the officers in the SAF be distracted and not focus their minds on the strategic big picture or strategic thinking? Do they have sufficient time to think about strategies besides tactics? Have they learnt about Sun Tzu's Art of War or Clausewitz's principle that war is an extension of political will and not an end by itself?

Recently, Sir, there was a small aircraft that flew into Singapore without prior air clearance and our fighter jets scrambled to verify and escort the plane to land at Changi Airport. This, indeed, is a good demonstration of the operational readiness of the SAF. The question before us is: if the plane did not respond in time, would it be shot down? And who would give the order or authority for such shootings?

3G SAF

Mr Michael Palmer: Sir, a few years ago, the SAF embarked on moving from a second generation armed force to a third generation armed force. The key to this change was a concerted effort to network and connect each different component part so as to enable all parts to work as a whole. This change would not only include upgrading our machinery and equipment, such as acquiring new F15s, unmanned aerial vehicles, naval helicopters and Leopard tanks. It would also include making use of electronic and computer technology under requisite training to achieve an integrated knowledge-based command and control (IKC2).

During last year's Committee of Supply debate, the Minister was asked by Ms Indranee Rajah to describe the elephant. His reply was this: "What we are trying to do in the Third Generation SAF is to harness all their vital qualities, bring them together, make them work together in a networked way so that we can draw on all their capabilities together to defend Singapore." I believe that these changes are both desirable and vital. Those of us who have served in the Armed Forces or who have had to take command of any large body of personnel and equipment will know that the more information that can be shared and the faster that information can be shared, gives the Armed Forces a clear advantage over their enemy. Having any army with IKC2 means more efficient use of resources, thereby maximising command and control that ultimately results.

The change to a 3G SAF is to be commended. It will ensure that our SAF remains a force to be reckoned with, thereby achieving its objective of deterring the enemy. However, given the huge amount of money that we are spending on this transition to a 3G SAF, may I ask the Minister the following:

What is the status of our transition to a 3G SAF? Is our 3G SAF operationally-ready? If not, when will it be? What is required to complete the transition? What difficulties have been encountered in the transition? What is the total amount that has been spent on this transition? In the event of a failure of the technology or network, is there a back-up plan so that the SAF's integrity and effectiveness are not compromised? Will our Forces still be able to operate?

Defence Research and Technology

Mr Zainudin Nordin (Bishan-Toa Payoh): Sir, I note that we have a sizeable budget for defence, but observers have little reason to be alarmed. Firstly, our Armed Forces are limited by size. Secondly, we are today faced with threats that are more complex than yesteryears'. With the increase of terrorist attacks, risks and piracy, our vulnerability has become of major concern.

Over the years, the art of war has changed, and it is heartening to observe that our SAF has not remained stagnant. It is also noted that, from the early days of independence, our defence forces have undergone many transformations and changes. In this effort, it has not shied away from employing advanced technology and science for defence.

From my perspective, Sir, it looks like the Defence Ministry's approach towards technological advancement is to combine homegrown research and international collaboration. This, to me, sounds like a positive development towards the SAF's 3G vision. Sir, could MINDEF provide an update on the SAF's 3G transformation efforts? Does the SAF's 3G transformation mean that there is a change of the SAF's mission? Is the SAF ready for unconventional threats? What is the key for the 3G SAF? Is it technology?

We are all aware of MINDEF's efforts in defence research, and I am glad that we are not just buying technology but also building capabilities and capacities through research and development. Having said that, may I ask how much resources are being allocated for defence research? How are we benchmarking efficiencies in our defence research spending? And, more importantly, how do we measure the success of these research efforts?

Lastly, Sir, would MINDEF consider transferring the R&D successes and intellectual property for commercialisation so that more could benefit from the research?

SAF Careers

Dr Ong Chit Chung: Sir, the SAF may buy the best aircraft, best tanks and the best ships, but the real core of the SAF remains its officers and men. Without the commitment of the officers and men, the SAF would be nothing. Besides the full-time and Operationally-ready Servicemen, the SAF has to attract and retain good career officers and men.

In view of the economic growth and the tight market for manpower, are the benefits of a SAF career still attractive in a competitive market? Does the SAF continue to have a good share of talents? Sir, I refer to the various schemes set up to provide gratuities and other benefits to SAF regulars. In particular, the SAVER scheme, launched a number of years ago, appears not to have met its original target and some officers believe that the returns in this scheme is far below their expectations. Sir, can anything be done about this? In view of the tight labour market and the higher retirement age in the market, will the SAF extend the service of officers by two or three years?

Mr Arthur Fong: Sir, the Minister for Defence has previously mentioned that our national boundaries have become increasingly porous, as has the complexity of our security environment. Indeed, while an interconnected world has resulted in better trade and economic growth for our country, it has also resulted in new challenges, in terms of security. We have opened up new vulnerabilities and, in some cases, may even become targets for acts of terrorism.

Taken together with the rapid spread of technology, the theatre of operations has indeed become a global one. In this context, we need to rely on experienced professional soldiers to deal with these challenges. Indeed, while we bring in new talent in each stage of our defence services development, we invest greatly in the training and professionalism of our defence forces. These men and women have protected our interest at home and will continue to do so.

I have heard the Minister speak of the SAF's transformation into the Third Generation Force to meet the security challenges of the day and into the future. And at the heart of our Third Generation forces are our people, the most vital asset.

The Minister has commented that defence and security are the two pillars on which Singaporeans depend upon for economic growth and well-being. Thus, the need for an SAF that is adaptive and flexible is certainly clear.

Sir, I agree with the Minister that, to do this, we must attract people with the right values. They must have a strong passion to serve the nation. And many of our assets in the defence force are Singaporeans who passionately want to make a difference. I, too, feel that the people who are committed to the defence and security of Singapore are prized assets which we should nurture and develop.

However, Sir, after training these men and women, developing them to build their experience over the years to become valuable assets, I understand that they are required to retire mandatorily at age 50 for senior specialists or warrant officers, 55 for senior warrant officers, and 45 for officers. Given that they would have built up years of experience, would it not be possible to tap on this asset rather than move them on to their second careers for those who wish to stay on serving in the defence force?

I join my colleague, Dr Ong Chit Chung, in requesting the Ministry to review this, and I hope that the Minister will share with us the rationale for his policy and if there are any plans to review, in light of the changing defence and security climate.

Mr Ang Mong Seng (Hong Kah): ( In Mandarin ): [For vernacular speech, please refer to Appendix A.] The Singapore Armed Forces has the important responsibility to defend and protect our country. It is an important organisation to our national security. As such, we should attract enough talents to work in the Ministry of Defence. The Ministry of Defence is a highly confidential and high-tech Ministry. Because of the nature of its work, it is sensitive. Only loyal, honest and highly intelligent Singaporeans should be recruited to take on these jobs, and these jobs can never be outsourced.

However, with our strong economic growth, the private sector is always looking for talents and offers high salaries and superior working conditions to attract them. In this regard, is the Ministry of Defence facing the same problem? Can MINDEF attract outstanding and loyal Singaporeans to serve the Ministry?

Secondly, the Government has raised the retirement age of civil servants. Would the Ministry of Defence consider raising the present retirement age of 45 for our regular SAF officers?

*Cols. 1589-1590.

Fitness and Camp Security

Ms Indranee Rajah: Sir, the Dave Teo incident and the more recent Mas Selamat escape have highlighted the need for greater vigilance at high security premises. At the sitting on 7th September 2007 of this House, the Minister reported that, following the Dave Teo incident, the SAF had done a thorough audit of the physical security of all SAF camps and guard rooms and that, whilst most of them fully met with the physical security requirements, a few required improvements and that the SAF was in the process of implementing those improvements. I would like to ask the Minister for an update on what these improvements were and whether they have been implemented.

Also, as the Minister may recall, when Corporal Dave Teo was arrested, he was found with two sets of ammunition, five rounds and three rounds. The five rounds were the ones that he had with him when he was on guard duty, and he had three additional tracer rounds which he had appropriated two weeks before he went missing. At that time, I had asked how those three rounds came to be overlooked. The Minister's response at that time was to say that he could not say it was impossible for a determined person to secrete one or two rounds of ammunition, though it would be difficult to do so. And he said that, at that time, investigations were continuing and he did not want to make any presumption on how it might have happened. Five months have now passed. So I would like to ask about the outcome of the investigations on how those three tracer rounds came to be missing and whether this has necessitated any further tightening of procedures for accounting of ammunition.

Moving on to fitness, Sir, a large part of our standing force comprises reservists, now called Operationally-ready NSmen, to better reflect their readiness to go into action at any given point in time. I am concerned about the fitness of our NSmen. There is no problem when they are NSFs, doing full-time NS, from age 18 to 20. The question is whether, after they finish NS and enter the workforce, they remain fit enough to carry out operational duties until age 50 for officers and age 40 for other ranks? Once they enter the workforce, they have to contend with the more sedentary lifestyles, the temptation of unhealthy diets and, in many cases, smoking and drinking, which also take a toll on health and fitness. I know that they have to do IPPT and I understand that, for many, the 2.4-kilometre run and the standing broad jump pose the most difficult challenges.

There have also been reports of SAF personnel who have died during runs, although the circumstances are different. A couple had been doing marathons and one, I think, was doing a practice run at his own pace. I should therefore like to know what is being done to maintain the health and fitness of our NSmen, and whether they are taking personal responsibility for keeping themselves fit. And lest anyone should think that the MPs are unsympathetic to the challenges faced by NSmen in keeping fit, let me assure the House and our NSmen that this is not the case. We are fully behind them and want to encourage them in keeping fit operational readiness. To that end, I am volunteering my parliamentary colleagues to do additional IPPT – Mr Teo Ser Luck, Mr Baey Yam Keng, Mr Zaqy Mohamad, Dr Lim Wee Kiak and Mr Christopher de Souza. Just in case Members feel that women are left out, I would be happy to volunteer to do it together with Ms Jessica Tan as well.

3.30 pm

One final question on recognition of NS. Obviously, our men put in a lot of sacrifice when they do NS. I would like to ask the Minister what plans MINDEF has to recognise our National Servicemen for their contributions to the defence of Singapore, and whether there are plans to reflect their skills set acquired during NS as well as their contributions during NS that would help enhance their marketability post-NS to give employers a better appreciation of their skills in the workplace.

The Chairman: Ms Indranee, have you got Mr Teo Ser Luck's permission to volunteer him?

Ms Indranee Rajah: Yes, Mr Chairman, I have.

National Service

Mr Arthur Fong: Sir, National Service is a rite of passage for many Singaporeans. It is a duty which male Singaporeans and second generation permanent residents are conscripted into the Singapore Armed Forces at the age of 18. Over the years, our National Service policy has undergone some changes. We undertook a policy to review the length of National Service. Depending on their education and level of fitness, National Service now lasts between 22-24 months. I was among those in this House calling for a shorter NS stint.

Sir, I agree that we should incentivise fit servicemen so that the quality of our defence force improves. However, I hope that the Minister could comment on the effectiveness thus far of this policy decision. Are our conscripts starting off National Service fitter? How has MINDEF spread the message to young Singaporeans on the value of fitness, so that we have a more operationally-ready defence force?

Furthermore, the amount of training required to make our defence force operationally ready is substantive. It would take a certain amount of time and training to orientate conscripts into military life. Thus, would the Minister share his thoughts on the shorter term of National Service? And how has our 3G SAF been able to hone its ability to develop a viable and operationally ready defence force, in spite of the shorter time taken for National Service? What has been the experience and difficulties, if any, faced by our commanders these past years since the shorter NS stint begun?

Total Defence

Ms Indranee Rajah: Mr Chairman, if we ask average Singaporeans about Singapore's defence, most automatically think in terms of military defence, which they see as the responsibility of SAF regulars, both male and female, and of NSF and NSmen. However, the military aspect is only one part of our defence. Singapore subscribes to the concept of Total Defence, and Total Defence has five pillars, of which military defence is only one. The other four pillars are defence of the civil, economic, social and psychological pillars. The other four pillars are equally important and they depend on all the other members of society to succeed. So it means that not only able-bodied men are involved in Total Defence but also women, students and the elderly. Economic defence, for example, requires a strong economy and a strong workforce, and both men and women contribute to this aspect. Yet, the average woman would not normally think that when she is working and contributing to the economy, she is also contributing to Singapore's defence. So I think more needs to be done to make Singaporeans understand the part that they have to play in Total Defence.

I was also disturbed to read a New Paper report on Thursday, 28th February 2008, in relation to Total Defence activities in schools, that some students complained about the following hardships – having to forgo lights, fans or air-conditioning for the day, having to eat sweet potatoes, and that the water from the water cooler was not cool enough. This does not augur very well for our psychological defence if young Singaporeans do not have the mental toughness and resilience to do without the usual comforts even for a day. Sir, I would like to know what plans MINDEF has to raise public awareness for Total Defence.

Dr Mohamad Maliki Bin Osman: Mr Chairman, the case of Corporal Dave Teo who escaped from an army camp with a rifle and live ammunitions, and Wednesday's escape of JI leader, Mas Selamat Kastari, from a detention centre, brought home the real message that we will continue to be faced with potential security challenges in Singapore. While the public reaction to these two incidents generally reflected a sense of confidence in our security agencies, does it reflect a sense of complacency amongst Singaporeans?

Sir, it has been some time since the concept of Total Defence was first presented to Singaporeans. I wonder the extent to which this concept remains internalised amongst Singaporeans. Or is it something that Singaporeans are reminded of only once a year through the activation of the public warning system at 12 noon on 15th February every year? I wonder if we still remember 15th February as Total Defence Day if the public warning system is not activated. Sir, the question I have is: what is the role of Total Defence in today's climate of uncertainties?

From economic recession to global-terrorism, the threats are real. The essence of Total Defence is that everyone has a role to play in the defence of Singapore in each of the five pillars – economic, social, psychological, civil and military. I would like to ask the Minister his assessment of Singaporeans' understanding and appreciation of their role in each of the pillars of Total Defence. I know our young are exposed to Total Defence because schools organise events to commemorate Total Defence Day. But what about the other segments of the population?

Sir, I believe we cannot allow Singaporeans to take our security for granted, nor assume that it is the sole responsibility of the security agencies. We need to keep alive Total Defence. As such, I would like to ask the Minister how is MINDEF coordinating with the other agencies in ensuring that Singaporeans continue to play an active role in each of the five pillars. Also, I would like to ask the Minister if MINDEF periodically attracts the attitude and readiness of Singaporeans in Total Defence, and what are the indicators to ascertain this?

Commitment to Defence

Mr Hawazi Daipi: Sir, we live with progress and better life in peace and stability. Thanks to the Singapore Armed Forces. Singaporean families have accepted National Service as part of their life. However, I wonder if the high standard of living and a good life that we enjoy now has had any adverse effects on Singaporeans' attitude towards national defence and their roles in it? Has MINDEF done any study to gauge the attitude of Singaporeans, including young people, towards National Service and their parts in Total Defence concept?

Sir, there is also the issue of how the declining number of births among Singaporeans has affected our manpower needs in defence. As our young people enjoy better education and are also becoming more mobile globally, has there been any impact on their commitment to National Service?

My last question relates to how MINDEF can give recognition to the contribution of business organisations that have released their workers to do reservist training. The business world is becoming more fast paced and competitive. And so how can we better help Singaporeans as well as employers balance National Service commitments with the pressures of work, particularly for those who have to travel overseas for work? How can Singaporeans and the corporate citizen's commitment and contribution to National Service be recognised meaningfully?

New Citizens

Mr Ang Mong Seng: ( In Mandarin ): [For vernacular speech, please refer to Appendix A.] Sir, in 2007 last year, we attracted 17,000 foreign nationals. They took up permanent residency and had been naturalised as Singapore citizens. Many are below 18 years old. They have reached enlistment age and soon will be enlisted for full-time NS. Therefore, I would like to ask the Ministry whether these new citizens have a good understanding about NS and Total Defence, and whether the Ministry has enough measures to allow and enable new citizens to learn and understand about NS and Total Defence. I would also like to ask the Minister whether the new citizens give positive support towards our NS and Total Defence. I therefore propose that the Ministry of Defence organise camp visits for new young citizens prior to their enlistment. We can also present the citizenship certificates to these citizens during the camp visit, and we could play the NS video to orientate them about National Service. This would allow them to have a better understanding of the importance of Total Defence.

*Cols. 1591-1592.

The Minister for Defence (Mr Teo Chee Hean): Mr Chairman, Sir, I would like to thank the hon. Members for their comments and questions, and for their strong commitment to Singapore's defence and security.

Ms Indranee Rajah and Mr Hawazi Daipi asked about the trends in our regional security environment. I will begin by sharing MINDEF's perspective on this.

While the US remains the pre-eminent power in the Asia-Pacific, the rise of China and India is transforming Asia's strategic landscape. China has become the largest trading partner of many countries in the region, including Japan, South Korea and, most recently, Australia. China is also India's second-largest trading partner. In addition to trade, China and India are also becoming important sources of foreign direct investment (FDI). Since 2004, their share of the total outflows of FDI from Asia has risen from 10% to 25%.

The expansion of China and India's economic space and linkages means that they will seek to secure their interests beyond their immediate neighbourhood. Their growing economic might allows them to progressively develop the military capabilities and diplomatic influence to do so.

As a consequence, Japan too is feeling the need to exert greater geo-political influence as a "normal" country. Japan has sought a permanent seat at the UN Security Council, and in January last year made their Defence Agency a cabinet level Ministry of Defence.

Russia will also grow increasingly assertive in our region, just as it has in Europe. While Russia and Europe have their own security concerns mainly on their peripheries, it is only a matter of time before both Russia and the EU embark on a more coherent strategy to engage our region given Asia's economic dynamism and strategic potential.

The US remains a key player in the security and stability of our region. Although the US is currently preoccupied by Iraq and Afghanistan, it is vital for the US to be actively and constructively engaged in Asia.

Mr Chairman, Sir, all countries tied to the global economy are becoming increasingly interdependent and have a common interest in peace and stability. However, friction and strategic competition between the major powers pose risks that need to be managed in the on-going shift in power relationships. Potential flashpoints in regional security remain, such as the situation across the Taiwan Strait; and transnational threats like terrorism must also be managed in a globalised world.

MINDEF's response to this complex and fluid regional security environment is to strengthen both diplomacy and deterrence.

First, defence diplomacy. Ms Indranee Rajah and Mr Hawazi Daipi asked about the regional security architecture, and the ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting.

Multilateral cooperation is required to counter transnational threats as well as to create a culture of constructive engagement, and peaceful dispute avoidance and resolution. Singapore seeks to facilitate the development of a regional security architecture, which provides a robust and flexible framework for peace and stability in Asia.

A multi-layered and overlapping security architecture is developing – made up of both formal and informal forums – at the strategic as well as the functional levels.

ASEAN lies at the heart of many multi-lateral groupings, such as the ASEAN Regional Forum, the East Asia Summit and the Shangri-La Dialogue. We want an open and inclusive architecture, with ASEAN facilitating and shaping this architecture and its agenda.

At the broadest level, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) brings together both foreign and defence officials from 27 countries from the Pacific to South West Asia. With its wide membership, the ARF provides an important forum for strategic dialogue and confidence building.

Also providing a forum at the broadest level, but in a more informal format, is the Shangri-La Dialogue held annually in Singapore, which is a key multilateral event for defence and security dialogue in the region. Today, it is the only forum where Defence Ministers from the region and beyond gather, along with senior officials and academics. The informal setting of the Shangri-La Dialogue has facilitated a frank exchange of views, and allows new concepts and ideas to be floated and discussed. Last year, 23 countries, including 20 Ministers, took part.

At the regional level, we have the East Asia Summit (EAS), with the 10 ASEAN countries at its core, as well as Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand and the Republic of Korea. The EAS' priority is currently mainly economic. But with its focused membership, the EAS has the potential to address complex and multi-faceted security challenges in the region, such as energy security, trade security and maritime security.

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Ms Indranee Rajah asked about the ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting, or ADMM. The ADMM is an important step towards building an ASEAN Security Community. Singapore had the honour of hosting the second ADMM last November. At that meeting, we made significant progress. Chief of Defence Force LG Desmond Kuek updated the ASEAN Defence Ministers on the two-year activity workplan. This plan has been adopted by the ASEAN CDFs, and will foster practical cooperation in areas such as humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, counter-terrorism and maritime security.

Importantly, we also agreed on the principles for what is called the ‘ADMM-Plus’. The ADMM-Plus is part of an evolving, open and inclusive regional security framework that allows the ASEAN defence track to engage countries beyond Southeast Asia. Security issues in Southeast Asia such as maritime security, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, or combating international terrorism, cannot be solved only by countries within our region. Extra-regional countries that have a stake in the region can bring expertise, perspectives and resources to bear on such shared transnational security challenges in Southeast Asia. It is also important that we engage the major powers and facilitate constructive and cooperative norms of behaviour in our region.

Complementing this web of security forums is the development of a collection of operational arrangements and functional groupings which address specific challenges, such as maritime security. Dr Ong Chit Chung and Mr Hawazi asked about the security of the Malacca Straits.

Operational arrangements like the Malacca Straits Patrol, where the three littoral states, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, conduct coordinated sea and maritime air patrols, enhance the security of the Straits of Malacca. According to the International Maritime Bureau (IMB), the number of piracy attacks in the Straits of Malacca has declined, with only seven incidents in 2007, down from a recent peak of 38 in 2004. The IMB attributed this to the vigilant efforts of the littoral states. The commitment and political will of the littoral states remain strong. We are pleased that Thailand has announced its intention to join the Malacca Straits Patrols. The littoral states agree that user states can also contribute to the security of the Malacca Straits.

Other functional groupings like the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Asia or, in short, ReCAAP, which currently has 14 members, have also contributed to improving the maritime security situation. The Singapore-based ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre (or ISC) facilitates the sharing of best practices amongst countries. The ISC recently hosted a Capacity Building Workshop in Singapore last October, in which almost all the ReCAAP member countries, as well as Indonesia and Malaysia which are not yet members of ReCAAP, participated.

Finally, to complement the various multilateral and functional groupings, an extensive web of bilateral defence relations between the countries of the Asia-Pacific provides a strong base for the regional security architecture.

Singapore will continue to deepen our network of bilateral defence relationships. Let me begin with our closest neighbours. Mr Michael Palmer and others asked about our defence relations with Malaysia.

Singapore and Malaysia share a long history of bilateral defence relations. The deep and broad-based nature of our defence linkages, from bilateral exercises to other professional interactions, has kept our lines of communication open. All three services have now instituted what are called “Top Ten” interactions. Besides enabling senior military leaders to get to know each other, these occasions also allow for informal discussions on issues of mutual interest. Such linkages build confidence and will help us weather the occasional political storm.

I recently made a working visit to Malaysia in January. I met Dato’ Seri Najib Razak, and we reaffirmed the longstanding defence ties between Singapore and Malaysia. I was very happy that Mr Palmer and Dr Maliki came along for this visit. I also had the opportunity to give a talk to senior Malaysian officers attending the Malaysian Armed Forces Defence College on bilateral relations, and how Malaysia and Singapore can work together to strengthen regional security. I am glad that we had an open, frank and honest discussion during this dialogue.

Overall, both countries see the importance of developing good defence relations. We also continue to cooperate through the Five Power Defence Arrangements, and on regional security issues like the ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting, and the successful Malacca Straits Patrol.

Mr Palmer asked about airspace restrictions. Certain agreements were terminated, which I hope will be reinstated eventually. Similarly, I hope that restrictions imposed on RSAF aircraft in FPDA exercises will eventually be lifted.

Let me now turn to Indonesia. Mr Palmer and others asked about our defence relations and the Defence Cooperation Agreement (DCA). Singapore and Indonesia have worked closely together for over 40 years to ensure peace, stability and prosperity in Southeast Asia.

As part of the package with the Extradition Treaty (ET), both countries signed the DCA in order to strengthen our defence relations. Singapore stands ready to honour this package of agreements. Unfortunately, this package has run into difficulties. We recognise that the domestic conditions in Indonesia may not allow for the package of agreements to be ratified at this time. Both Singapore and Indonesia have therefore agreed that the best option for both countries is to put the DCA and the ET aside for now.

The leaderships of both the TNI and the SAF share the common view that the defence relationship between Singapore and Indonesia is an important one, and mutually beneficial. I met the new Indonesian Navy and Air Force Chiefs in Singapore very recently, and both emphasised this point. Both sides remain committed to working closely together to strengthen bilateral defence relations.

Recent exercises conducted with the TNI include the bilateral navy exercise, Exercise Eagle, in January 2008. This was the 20th in the series, the first being conducted 34 years ago in 1974, which I remember fondly. Last December, our two Armies carried out the annual brigade-level exercise, called Safkar Indopura. This is the 19th in the series, and it included a live-firing exercise conducted by Indonesian troops in Singapore, with their SAF counterparts.

Besides our immediate neighbours, we are also strengthening defence relations with key players in the Asia-Pacific. The Strategic Framework Agreement, signed with the US in 2005, established Singapore as a Major Security Co-operation Partner. Bilateral cooperation continues to move ahead at a high tempo. Our F-16, Apache and Chinook detachments conduct high-end training in the US. More recently, our pilots have begun naval helicopter training in San Diego, while our F-15 training in Mountain Home, Idaho, will start next year.

With China, we recently signed the Agreement on Defence Exchanges and Security Cooperation. This Agreement formalises on-going activities between MINDEF and the PLA, such as the exchange of visits, attendance at courses and seminars, and port calls. The agreement also includes new areas of cooperation such as Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief. The inaugural China-Singapore Defence Policy Dialogue was held in January this year.

With India, since signing a Defence Cooperation Agreement in 2003, we have steadily expanded our interactions. We recently concluded a Bilateral Agreement for joint training and exercises in India between the RSAF and Indian Air Force in October last year. We also continue to welcome the Indian Airforce and Navy to this part of the world for visits and exercises.

Our ties with Australia and New Zealand remain particularly close and strong. We have many exercises and exchanges with the armed forces of both these countries and appreciate the opportunities for training that are provided by both countries to the SAF. This has enabled us to develop a level of understanding that enables the SAF to deploy with the ADF and the New Zealand Defence Force when needed.

On Japan, we have encouraged the Japanese Self-Defence Force's engagement with our region by supporting their participation in exercises and offering our facilities for their ships and aircraft transits when they deploy through this region. In fact, the Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force is the second largest foreign user of Changi Naval Base, after the US.

Ms Rajah also asked about Vietnam. We have good relations with Vietnam which are developing and going stronger, and the Defence Minister of Vietnam and myself visited each other over the last five months.

Singapore has also been contributing to peace support operations and international reconstruction efforts. Dr Maliki and Mr Arthur Fong asked about our current contributions, and our reasons for doing so.

About 2,000 SAF servicemen have served on international missions. SAF personnel are currently serving in the UN Integrated Mission in Timor Leste and the UN Mission in Nepal. Since 2003, we have been supporting the multinational efforts in Iraq with our deployments of Landing Ships Tank, and C-130 transport and KC-135 tanker aircraft.

In 2007, Singapore deployed a five-man dental team and a five-man construction engineering team to Bamiyan in Afghanistan in support of the multinational reconstruction effort there. Each team spent three months deployed with the New Zealand-led Provincial Reconstruction Team in Bamiyan Province. Our dental team treated nearly 1,000 patients. The Governor of Bamiyan told us that the dental clinic greatly boosted local health care, as dental care was previously non-existent in the province. The construction of bridges has helped the local population in the villages of Chapdara and Monara. We currently have two SAF officers deployed in Bamiyan to coordinate the distribution of medical aid, and provide continuity for the dental project that we started there.

We have completed a review of our contributions to the multinational effort in Afghanistan and decided that for this year, we will deploy two construction engineering teams to Bamiyan with the New Zealand PRT for about three months each, similar to the engineering team that we deployed last year. As part of the review, an SAF survey team was recently deployed to Afghanistan to better understand what additional contributions the SAF can make to the ongoing stabilisation and reconstruction efforts.

In addition to our deployments to Bamiyan, we have also decided to deploy a SAF medical detachment to Oruzgan province. This will consist of two rotations of medical teams for about three months each to the Field Hospital in Tarin Kowt, the provincial capital of Oruzgan. Comprising about 20 medical and nursing officers for each rotation, the deployments will begin in the second half of this year. These teams will provide primary healthcare and ward capabilities in support of the medical facility run by the Dutch and Australian forces in the Dutch-led Provincial Reconstruction Team in Oruzgan.

Sir, it is important that Singaporeans understand why we are doing this.

Afghanistan is at the frontline in the global fight against terrorism. Extremists have made use of an unstable Afghanistan as a safe haven to train terrorists, and to export violence and terror to other countries, including Singapore. A number of JI detainees who had planned attacks in Singapore had trained in Afghanistan; and, more recently, a self-radicalised Singaporean was detained on the way to join the Taliban in Afghanistan.

The international community recognises that the stabilisation and reconstruction of Afghanistan is critical in the global fight against terrorism. That is why the UN Security Council recently renewed the mandate of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan for another year to October 2008.

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As a responsible member of the international community, Singapore supports the efforts of the UN in facilitating international peace and security. We take our international responsibilities and commitments seriously. Given our limited resources, we participate where we are able to make a useful and meaningful contribution. We do so because our contributions enhance Singapore's overall security.

Sir, we are aware that such deployments do involve risks to our servicemen, which can be significant. However, where there is real and important work of this nature to be done, there will be attendant risks.

Therefore, our personnel are well trained and well prepared for their role in their assigned deployment, and to deal with any contingencies. This includes psychological preparation and follow-up. The soldiers being deployed to Oruzgan will undergo a comprehensive three-week pre-deployment training package conducted in Singapore, followed by a two-week preparation programme in Australia with their Australian counterparts to ensure that they can operate seamlessly with each other. Just prior to their deployment into Afghanistan, they will also receive further integration training with the Australian forces, where they will be comprehensively brought up to date on the ground situation and trained how to handle the various threats. I have confidence in them, and I am sure that the Honourable Members of this House will join me in supporting their challenging work ahead.

Sir, even as we contribute to international reconstruction and stabilisation efforts, the primary mission of the SAF will still be to deter any threats and defend Singapore. Our security remains our top priority.

In 2007, the SAF focused on realising the 3rd Generation SAF through the introduction of advanced platforms and capabilities, new organisational structures and processes, and people development.

We have further developed the SAF's Integrated Knowledge-based Command and Control (IKC2) systems. The Hermes 450 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle will enhance battlefield surveillance for the SAF. This is a UAV that can fly for about 14 hours. The Gulfstream G550 Airborne Early Warning aircraft will significantly improve the SAF's networked air defence and early warning capabilities. It will replace our E2C. The new Formidable Class stealth frigates and the Sikorsky S-70B naval helicopters will allow us to better secure our sea lines of communication. The planned acquisition of the High Mobility Rocket Artillery Systems, along with the Leopard 2A4 Main Battle Tanks upgraded with the latest battlefield systems, will enhance the capability of our Army. These new capabilities will be integrated together with our Digitised Division Command Post, the Frigate's Combat Management System, and the networked air defence system, connecting together the key IKC2 components of the 3rd Generation SAF.

Mr Zainudin Nordin asked about MINDEF's efforts in defence R&D and why these are critical to our defence strategy. Our defence research and technology capability enables us to create cutting-edge systems that we cannot get off-the-shelf. This capability has been built up over a long period of time and the SAF today is supported by some 5,000 technology professionals both within MINDEF and in the wider defence eco-system. Over the years, we have focused our research and development investments in areas such as electronic warfare, command, control, communications and computers (C4), sensors and guided systems. We are open to such technology being marketed in other applications. Singapore Technologies has been successful in selling such technology in civilian security applications, such as in Police and fire service systems and mobile command posts.

We invest about 4% of our budget on R&D. Let me cite two examples where our investments are indeed paying off. Our investment in building up expertise in aerodynamics and guided systems has allowed us to design and develop Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs, that can meet our unique user requirements for surveillance, reconnaissance and communications. In fact, Mr Zainudin himself was involved in one of MINDEF's collaborations with Nanyang Polytechnic on advanced integrated circuits that have been used on our UAVs. Another area is chemical and biological defence which enabled us to draw upon our years of investment in verification, protection and decontamination capabilities to contribute, at short notice, to the national fight against SARS in 2003. This capability in R&D in this area forms the foundation upon which our national chemical and biological defence systems are based.

Dr Ong Chit Chung asked about changes in the SAF's command and control structure. Let me speak about two new organisational changes in 2007 - the creation of the SAF Operations Hub and the SAF Capability Development Hub. The SAF Ops Hub is led by the new Director of Joint Operations. The DJO is the senior-most operations staff officer in the SAF responsible for linking together Army, Navy, and Air Force operations to maintain a high level of operational readiness against all threats, including terrorist and other unconventional attacks. The DJO reports to the Chief of Defence Force. Recently, when a civilian Cessna aircraft intruded into our airspace under suspicious circumstances, the SAF responded swiftly by scrambling two of our F-16s to intercept it. Although I will not go into the details, let me assure Dr Ong that MINDEF and the SAF do have a decision making process and are prepared to deal with such contingencies and take the necessary action to defend Singapore's security. This structure and organisation have enabled us to work very well and very smoothly with the Home Team agencies. The Island Defence Headquarters and the Police Divisions basically know each other every well and shake hands operationally, regularly in exercises, and this was most useful in the recent case of the escape of Mas Selamat Kastari when the Police requested for assistance. The SAF was able to fit in seamlessly to support the Police. While the Ops Hub focuses on current operations, the SAF Capability Development Hub looks at the future needs of the SAF by coordinating the SAF's development strategy across all three services.

Mr Michael Palmer asked about the SAF's back-up plans in case equipment stops working in the 3rd Generation SAF. This is an important question. Critical systems have multiple layers of redundancy at both the system and equipment levels. Robustness and resilience are accorded a high priority. This applies not only to IT systems, databases and communications, but also to power supply and infrastructure. For example, we have multiple routings to connect our communication nodes including land lines, microwave and wireless networks. To make sure that recovery from any equipment failure is swift, the SAF has developed comprehensive contingency plans, which we test regularly. Finally, the SAF is trained to function even without some of the new technologies. This is done by continuing to emphasise basic skills and competencies. So, for instance, while our soldiers are trained to operate with GPS and a digital map, they continue to be well-trained in basic map reading and navigation skills. In other words, even if the technology fails, the SAF will not. Nonetheless, let me assure this House that the SAF will continue to review its systems and equipment to ensure that robust systems are in place to manage the risks from technology.

Mr Michael Palmer also asked about the total amount expended to transit to a 3rd Generation SAF. Let me provide an order of magnitude, a sense, of how much we allocate. The SAF is projected to invest an estimated 50% of its capital budget on the 3rd Generation SAF, which represents investments in areas such as IKC2, precision weapons and unmanned systems.

If I may draw Members' attention to the folder that has been placed on their seats, it contains a January 2008 Pioneer magazine, which gives a flavour of what the SAF has been doing as well as some IKC2 things. There is also a video inside which will be shown tonight at 7.00 pm on TV, and it will be shown five times in the coming month. It is quite a nice video. So I encourage Members to watch it in their free time and perhaps play it during their MPS sessions so that their constituents have something interesting to see.

Developing the 3rd Generation SAF requires a long period of steady investment in our people - to nurture qualified and confident operators who can work on new systems and develop new concepts. The SAF also places a priority on engaging our servicemen to ensure that they are imbued with a strong fighting spirit and are firmly committed to the defence of Singapore.

The Government is prepared to spend up to 6% of GDP on Defence. In practice, over the past five years, MINDEF has found it adequate to spend about 4.5% to 5% of GDP on defence. MINDEF maintains a very rigorous system of controls in our budget process to ensure that we use the money that has been allocated wisely and prudently. The Government believes that the best way to provide for our defence is to continue to make steady investments every year, rather than to take a feast and famine approach, where the budget fluctuates widely from year to year. With a steady pattern of spending, we can develop our forces - our hardware and our people - more cost-effectively, and maintain a high level of operational readiness at all times.

Our investment in the SAF remains the foundation for peace and stability that is necessary for the economic growth and prosperity of Singapore and our freedom to forge our own future. Fundamental to this are the strong public commitment to defence and the strong support of this House. I welcome Ms Indranee Rajah taking the IPPT with our NSmen. And although she has not done NS, I notice that she has learnt how to volunteer others already.

While setting aside sufficient budget each year for defence is important, the most important investment in defence is made by every male Singaporean through National Service (NS). Last year, we commemorated the 40th year of NS. I am sure this House joins me in recognising the active commitment and sacrifices made by our citizens, especially our Operationally Ready NSmen, to the defence of Singapore.

Our society's broad-based commitment to defence underpins our concept of Total Defence, where every sector of society and every citizen contribute to Singapore's defence in their own ways. As long as Singapore is cohesive and our citizens are willing to play their part, potential adversaries will think twice before taking us on.

On its part, the SAF ensures that our NSmen are well-trained, well-equipped and well-led, so that should our soldiers ever be called to fight and defend Singapore, they will win and come home safely to their loved ones. Our investments through the defence budget, and the investment of the time, energy and dedication of each of our NSmen, as well as the support of their families, employers and our wider society ensure that Singaporeans can continue to live in peace and prosper, while enjoying our right to determine our own future.

I will now ask Dr Ng to speak on how we are addressing the human resource challenges in the SAF as well as camp security, and Prof. Koo to speak on National Service, Total Defence and Commitment to Defence.

The Second Minister for Defence (Dr Ng Eng Hen): Sir, let me thank Dr Ong Chit Chung, Mr Arthur Fong and Mr Ang Mong Seng for asking how MINDEF or SAF continues to attract good people into the SAF. I am indeed gratified by the question because it shows that they and others like them recognise that it will always be the quality of its people that will determine whether the SAF can fulfil its mission to defend our nation. We will always need to maximise our limited human resources and leverage on better systems to be an effective deterrent.

We will need to be smarter in the use of technology to be more efficient so that every defence dollar is stretched to the limit. But above all, in that moment of reckoning, it will be our soldiers and people, their passion, resolve and commitment that will ultimately determine if we can protect and preserve what we have built and hold precious. MINDEF is committed to offer compelling careers to attract the right sort of people to join and stay with us.

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Dr Ong pointed out that the labour market has indeed tightened and opportunities have increased. MINDEF recognises that it must compete, with other organisations, to attract people with the requisite attributes and aptitude. As part of our value proposition, MINDEF offers exciting careers which encompass extensive opportunities for development and growth as well as competitive remuneration packages. We have the SAVER scheme for regular Officers and the Premium Plan for regular Warrant Officers and Specialists, or WOSpecs in short. While these schemes have served us well, we have recently embarked on a strategic review to take into account new market realities as well as the operational demands of a 3rd Generation SAF.

The operational demands of the 3rd Generation SAF require that we attract and groom people who can leverage on technology, operate sophisticated systems and adapt rapidly. Arising from our strategic review to recruit and retain the right type of people, MINDEF has recently made several refinements to strengthen our career proposition. But before I go into specifics, it is important to put into proper perspective the role of incentive structures. We will always seek to attract those who have the right values, motivations and capabilities to lead and serve in the SAF. And I certainly hope that, for many, it is more than a vocation and it is a calling. But MINDEF also recognises that good people will be attracted to a progressive organisation that values its employees and helps them in their development. Remuneration is important, but employees also want to be developed to their full potential to be able to give their best to the organisation. This basically is the philosophy underpinning our incentive schemes.

Some Members may not be familiar with the present schemes. To familiarise Members, let me first talk about the SAVER scheme for officers and then the recent enhancements introduced.

The SAVER scheme, first and foremost, helps the SAF to attract capable leaders that keep the SAF dynamic and forward-looking to deal with the wide spectrum of scenarios and corresponding threats. A career in the SAF is physically demanding and this is why we retire our officers young, as some Members have pointed out, at about age 45. This age allows for a career length that is enough for our officers to be developed professionally and to make significant contributions to the SAF before they embark on their next career. To help in the transition, the scheme provides an attractive package which includes a substantial lump sum when they retire. As a result, their earnings from a career with the SAF up till the age of 45, compares well with the typical earnings from a full career in the private sector. Our experience has shown that most are able to transit successfully to their second careers, with more than 75% finding jobs within three months of leaving, and 85% after six months of leaving the SAF.

We have made a number of enhancements to the SAVER scheme.

First, we have extended career lengths by up to three years, as proposed by Dr Ong Chit Chung and Mr Ang Mong Seng. With extensions, Colonels will leave service at 47 years of age, while Majors and Lieutenant-Colonels leave service at age 45. But let me say that the extension was necessary for operational reasons because it catered to new demands for more foundational and integrated training in a 3rd Generation SAF. Even after the extension, officers will leave with the necessary experience and expertise and young enough to embark on their second careers. The total remuneration package will put them in a strong financial position when they leave the SAF.

Second, we will put in additional mid-term retention bonuses. Officers tend to review their career options when they approach their early 30s. To encourage officers to complete a full career with us, we will increase the incentive amounts for those who stay till the end of the first 10 years. Officers also have the option of making withdrawals in advance.

Third, wage structures will be adjusted to be more responsive to market conditions. We have added a new Variable Market Bonus for officers, and this is pegged to GDP growth. It will be paid out over two tranches in years of good economic growth. The first tranche will be paid in October of that year, based on GDP growth projections announced by the Government in the third quarter of that year. The second tranche will be paid the following April, after the actual GDP growth for that year has been determined. This mode of payment in two tranches enables us to respond more swiftly to wage movements.

Fourth, we recently introduced part-time degree sponsorships for non-graduate officers to upgrade themselves. This is in addition to the many existing schemes for our officers to further their academic qualifications and professional development. Over the years, many officers have benefited from these opportunities. Let me just cite one example. LTC Li Lit Siew, Commanding Officer of 191 Squadron in the Navy, is a naval officer with more than 20 years of service. He has been Honourary Aide-de-Camp to the President and has commanded a Task Group for peace support in Iraq. LTC Li was first sponsored for a local degree programme at NTU two years into service, and later for postgraduate studies at the US Naval Postgraduate School in 1999. Like LTC Li, many officers have received similar opportunities to realise their academic aspirations and have a fulfilling career in the SAF.

Let me now talk about the WOSpecs scheme. There is a wider range of operational and technical jobs where longer experience and service is necessary. Hence, WOSpecs serve till the age of 55 because they possess specialised skills and play key roles in training the current and also the next generation of soldiers. To bring in good people into the WOSpec Corps, we increased the recruitment incentives for the various induction schemes. The wages of our WOSpecs are also regularly reviewed to ensure that they remain competitive. In line with market movements, we raised starting salaries and paid a market adjustment component last year to improve recruitment and retention. We will also be paying out a market adjustment component this year.

We have introduced new measures as well to meet the academic aspirations of our WOSpecs. To attract good diploma holders to join the WOSpec Corps, we have introduced degree sponsorships for WOSpecs. This is in addition to the current opportunities for upgrading to ITE, Diploma and Advanced Diploma qualifications. One of those who have benefited from such upgrading opportunities is 2WO Koh Ping Wah, Senior Medic in HQ Guards. In the 13 years he has spent in the SAF, 2WO Koh has served in progressively senior appointments, taking part in peacekeeping operations in Timor Leste as well as the humanitarian relief operations in post-Tsunami Aceh. 2WO Koh has a strong passion for nursing, which explains his specialisation as a combat medic. Come this April, he will further his passion by pursuing a full-time Advanced Diploma in Nursing, sponsored by the SAF. He is an example of how the SAF has enabled our regulars to realise their aspirations to upgrade their educational qualifications while providing a fulfilling career. MINDEF will regularly review our schemes to ensure that the SAF continues to offer compelling careers.

Dr Ong asked if investment returns from the SAVER scheme could be improved. Let me first clarify that Dr Ong is referring actually to the SAVER-Premium Fund which is applicable to both officers and WOSpecs respectively. This Fund is not from the salary of our officers and WOSpecs but drawn from additional contributions which MINDEF provides so as to enhance the total lump sum when they leave. Accordingly, the Fund is invested to achieve steady returns over the long term. We have in place an investment committee made up of experienced and qualified financial professionals who provide oversight and guidance of investments in a diversified portfolio of stocks and bonds. As with other investment funds, there would be short periods of volatility in return. Officers and WOSpecs can choose their investment plans based on their risk appetites. Our advice to them has been to recognise that this Fund is for their longer term retirement and not for speculative purposes.

Ms Indranee Rajah asked for an update on the incident involving CPL Dave Teo. Sir, as the criminal case against CPL Teo is still pending, Ms Indranee Rajah and other Members of this House would understand why it would be inappropriate to comment on the ongoing case. But in terms of SAF’s systems and processes to ensure the security of camps and control of firearms and ammunition, Minister Teo had also replied in detail, as the Member has cited, to similar queries last year, so I will only reiterate relevant points.

The SAF convened a Higher Board of Inquiry (HBOI) immediately after the incident. The HBOI concluded that the SAF's systems and processes were generally adequate, but that the negligence of several servicemen contributed to the security lapses in this incident. Those found to be negligent have been or are being disciplined. Our investigations also traced the three extra rounds of live ammunition mentioned by Ms Indranee Rajah to a section live firing exercise conducted two weeks prior to the incident. The SAF has audited its system of ammunition control for live firing exercises and found that the procedures are adequate. Nevertheless, these processes and procedures will be subjected to regular reviews and further strengthened, such as when new technologies emerge which can increase our effectiveness or better practices adopted from the sharing of ideas with other agencies facing similar challenges.

Since the incident, the SAF has taken steps to improve camp security. For example, we have integrated various aspects of camp security audits so that they are done holistically and we have stepped up the number of spot checks to ensure compliance. We have also centralised the supervision of training for camp security personnel to ensure a consistent, high standard of proficiency in security duties.

Sir, I want to reassure Members of the House and the public that the SAF and MINDEF take this very seriously. While we have adequate processes in place, we rely on our servicemen to implement them effectively. No system is perfect unless we remain vigilant and people remain vigilant. The SAF will continue to ensure that our servicemen are effectively trained and properly supervised so that they can appreciate the importance of these processes and implement them properly.

On a final note, Sir, I also want to thank Ms Indranee Rajah, Ms Jessica Tan and other Members of this House for volunteering to do the IPPT. MOS Koo Tsai Kee will respond to that. But I think that we should leave it to our senior commanders to judge whether it adequately stimulates - I mean motivates - our NSmen to the fitful - I mean fitness state. But if MINDEF judges that it is appropriate, I would want to volunteer my services pro bono to choose their outfits.

The Minister of State for Defence (Assoc. Prof. Koo Tsai Kee): Sir, let me answer Ms Indranee Rajah and Dr Mohamad Maliki on their questions on Total Defence.

Total Defence is crucial for Singapore's security, survival and success. Total Defence was launched in 1984, some 24 years ago, but it is even more relevant today because of the systemic challenges in the security landscape brought about by globalisation. We need a “whole-of-nation”, a total approach, ie, top-down, bottoms-up, sideways, to overcome threats, such as terrorism, epidemics, economic downturns or as-yet unforeseen challenges. Apart from military defence, we need robust economic, social, psychological and civil defence to ensure Singapore's continued success. Strong leadership and good policies are necessary but, as our response to SARS in 2003 illustrated, it is our people's determination to stay united and bounce back from a setback that will ensure that we shall always prevail.

Sir, to increase public awareness and encourage the public to do their part, MINDEF drives the Total Defence campaign every year. We do not do it alone. We do it with all the agencies. This year, the campaign includes an Exhibition on Total Defence, and it is expected to draw about 50,000 school children and members of the public. The exhibition will go to the heartlands. As part of the campaign, a second N.E.mation! (National Education Animation) competition is being held to give our youths an opportunity to express, in creative ways, what Total Defence means to them. They are supposed to do a project using various computer graphics and the project is captured in a video. This Sunday, I will actually announce the winning team, and the winning clips will be shown on television soon. This competition has attracted some 200 submissions from 106 teams, comprising 370 students from 51 schools, which is approximately a 50% increase in participation from last year. The best clip will be shown on national television, as I have just mentioned.

4.30 pm

There is also inter-Ministry collaboration to promote Total Defence. The National Education Co-ordinating Committee at the Permanent Secretary level sets directions and reviews the effectiveness of programmes on National Education and Total Defence. At the working level, the Ministries also cooperate on a range of efforts, including the National Education programme in schools and the annual Total Defence campaign.

To measure the effectiveness of these efforts, the Government conducts annual surveys. In 2007, 97% of the respondents agreed that Total Defence was important to Singapore's long-term security. These numbers are encouraging, but we must guard against complacency. A MICA survey last year showed that only 50% of Singaporeans felt they were mentally prepared for a terrorist attack, down from 67% in 2006. Participation in security-related exercises dropped to 14% in 2007 from 23% in the previous year. We have to do more together to help Singaporeans understand what they can do at an individual level. That is why this year's campaign theme is "Total Defence. It's Personal. Play Your Part". I encourage and urge fellow Members of Parliament to do our part and to help organise activities which involve our constituents in Total Defence.

Sir, Mr Ang Mong Seng also asked about engaging new citizens on the need for National Service (NS) and Total Defence. Like other Singaporeans, we engage new citizens as part of our public outreach efforts. Many new citizens have studied in local schools and are engaged as part of our National Education efforts, which include attending the National Day Parades and visits to SAF Open Houses. In turn, they can help their parents better appreciate the need for Total Defence.

My encounters with new citizens have generally been very positive. I bring many of them to visit the BMTC, together with their parents. However, they may have a limited understanding of NS, and this is not their fault, as they may not have family members who have done NS. MINDEF, therefore, organises visits for new citizen pre-enlistees and their families to different camps, especially BMTC, and these have allowed these new citizens and their parents to transit smoothly into military life even before enlistment. The common NS experience also serves to bond our new citizens with other Singaporeans and to Singapore.

Mr Ang recently invited MINDEF to engage a group of new citizens on Total Defence and NS at a citizenship award ceremony organised at the Bukit Gombak constituency. I thank him for that. Our joint efforts were well-received and we will explore Mr Ang's suggestion to make this a regular feature. He also suggested that we should screen some Total Defence videos at some of these citizenship award ceremonies. We will take up his idea and discuss it with the relevant agencies.

Sir, Ms Indranee Rajah also asked about MINDEF's efforts to recognise the positive contributions of national servicemen. Our national servicemen have been steadfast in answering the call of duty. In a survey of national servicemen conducted last year, more than 90% of them indicated that they will defend Singapore if it should come under threat and attack, and that they will fight to risk their lives to ensure the survival of Singapore. For their dedication and sacrifices, we are deeply grateful. This year, our national servicemen will be receiving an additional allocation of $100 as part of the Growth Dividends package. For our NS key command and staff appointment holders, who shoulder greater leadership responsibilities and do a longer tour of duty, we have recognised their contribution by raising their NSmen tax relief by $2,000 in 2006 and their annual allowances by 20% in 2007.

But our recognition goes beyond just monetary rewards. In 2006, RECORD IV had recommended that MINDEF highlight the positive aspects of a serviceman's performance and qualities that are useful in the workplace where he works. MINDEF is thus informing employers about the key achievements of their NSmen employees to highlight relevant skills from NS that are applicable to their companies. This is particularly helpful for the key appointment holders who hold leadership positions and greater responsibilities. MINDEF also highlights to employers the achievements of their employees who have performed well during In-Camp Training or have won awards, such as NSmen of the Year and National Day Awards.

Second, MINDEF has also enhanced the Certificate of Service (COS) given to our servicemen when they complete their full-time NS. In the past, the COS only contained basic information about a serviceman's vocation and his grades in conduct and performance. The new redesigned COS now includes a qualitative write-up that highlights the serviceman's key achievements and provides employers with an insight into his qualities. The transcript also lists the courses that he has attended and the appointments he has held. Take, for example, LTA Joshua Chao, who was the Deputy Manpower Officer of 1st Guards Battalion. With the enhancements to the COS, his potential employers now know that he was one of the top cadets in his Officer Cadet Course and the Manpower Officer Course, ie, he was among the top cadets in the two courses, and that he was instrumental in his battalion passing an HR audit with flying colours. These records will be in the new COS. This enhanced COS, which was rolled out from November last year, will better recognise the contributions of our full-time NSmen and help them when they seek employment.

Sir, I would like to talk about commitment to defence, something which MINDEF commits lots of resources onto it. Public commitment to defence is crucial because National Service is the backbone of the SAF. Although support for National Service remains strong today, it needs to be actively reinforced, as Mr Hawazi Daipi has suggested. The pressures of a competitive global environment can make it difficult for NSmen to balance their career, family and national defence obligations. Our young people must also continue to see themselves as citizens of Singapore, even as we seek to give them a global orientation. Also, more foreigners are living and working here. Together, these changes make it important that we constantly reinforce public commitment towards defending Singapore.

Thus, MINDEF aims to reinforce commitment to military defence and support for NS at four levels.

First, our soldiers must have personal commitment. They must be willing to "stay and fight", have a sense of rootedness towards Singapore, and be confident in our ability to defend ourselves. One key ingredient in developing such personal commitment is to ensure that every serviceman sees the value and meaning of his contributions, so that he is not just "marking time". The SAF thus seeks to ensure that all its NSFs doing full-time and NSmen in the in-camp training have a positive NS experience. This is accomplished by giving them meaningful professional development, avenues for personal growth in team and leadership skills, and greater recognition of their NS service, as mentioned earlier.

Second, family support is critical, because families are what our soldiers are fighting to protect. Last September, the new recruits of Bravo Company, 3rd Singapore Infantry Regiment, had a surprise waiting for them after a rough and tough training session. Their Commanding Officer had arranged for them to receive letters of encouragement from their own family members, whom they had not seen since enlistment. One mother wrote to her son. This was what she said: "After BMT, you will be moulded to be a tough, strong and well-trained soldier. This is your growing-up stage, son. Keep up the good work!" This example is a timely reminder that family support is an important bedrock of our soldiers' commitment to defence. Over the next few years, the SAF will strengthen its programmes to reach out to the families of our NSFs and NSmen, which includes inviting our servicemen's families to SAF events, such as parades, ceremonies and Open Houses.

Third, employer support is important. Ms Indranee Rajah asked how do we engage females who never did NS. She volunteered to do IPPT. But, as a female, she can also do more. For example, she can support her employees and encourage them when they go for their in-camp training. We will step up our engagement of Singapore employers to seek their support for their employees' In-Camp Training by inviting them for training visits. Through the Total Defence Award, employers are also recognised for adopting corporate policies which support NS. One good example I want to highlight, Sir, is CA Safety Technology. This is a small-medium enterprise. CA Safety has a zero-deferment company policy. In other words, if a soldier asks the employer to support him on deferment, the employer says no, go and do your in-camp training. This company also prepares additional cash incentives for employees who pass their Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT). In other words, when they do well, when they get a Gold, SAF will give them a cash reward. But this company goes beyond that. This company also gives them something beyond what we give them. Such employer support ensures that our NSmen are able to fulfil their national defence obligations.

Fourth, our soldiers draw strength from broad public confidence and support. We undertake many initiatives to build societal support, but I would like to highlight especially our efforts in encouraging our servicemen to actively participate in the community, so as to reinforce the bonds between the soldier and society. One example is LTC S Amudhan from the Air Force, who was active with the Coast2Coast humanitarian group from West Coast GRC. Two years ago, LTC Amudhan went with Coast2Coast to Banda Aceh to help rebuild kindergartens in the devastated town. Such community involvement and interaction are crucial to building societal support for our soldiers and national defence.

Sir, commitment to defence and support for NS are critical to the security of our nation. If we can sustain strong public commitment to defence, our potential adversaries will know that if they attack us, they take on not just the SAF, not just the soldiers, but all of us, all Singaporeans. This is the power of Total Defence.

Sir, I now come back and answer questions on physical fitness. Mr Arthur Fong asked whether pre-enlistees were aware of the two-month reduction in full-time National Service (NS) for combat-fit pre-enlistees who attain a Silver or Gold standard for their National Physical Fitness Award.

MINDEF works closely with our junior colleges, polytechnics and ITEs to encourage their students to achieve a high standard of physical fitness. As a result of these efforts, more than 50% of our enlistees in 2007 achieved the high level of physical fitness needed to qualify for the two-month NS reduction. MINDEF will continue working with the schools for further improvement.

Ms Indranee asked what we are doing to improve the fitness of our Servicemen when they go into the civilian sector. The SAF continues to place strong emphasis on physical fitness. Last year, we introduced the IPPT Preparatory Training programme, which helps NSmen keep fit and prepare for their IPPT. Our physical fitness efforts are carried out with strong emphasis on safety. Medical personnel are always on hand to provide assistance in case of emergencies. Unfortunately, despite our precautions, last year, one regular servicemen died of heatstroke while taking the IPPT. To prevent heat related injuries ---

The Chairman: Prof. Koo, your time is up. I will let you carry on because you have some time for clarifications.

Assoc. Prof. Koo Tsai Kee: Thank you, Sir.

To prevent heat-related injuries, the Army is working with a research institute on the design of a Personal Heat Strain Monitor (PHSM) that provides early warning of high core body temperature. We will continue to strengthen our IPPT safety procedures.

Mr Fong asked about the impact of reducing full-time NS on operational readiness. The reduction in full-time NS from 2.5 years to two years was introduced in 2004 and was made possible by the SAF's transformation, that means the 3G SAF. By harnessing technology, we have improved the SAF's effectiveness and efficiency in operations and training. For example, new simulators and instrumentation systems, like the Army's Battlefield Instrumentation System, have enhanced training realism and feedback, while maximising the short training time available to our NSFs and NSmen. As a result of these changes, the SAF is able to maintain its high operational readiness and effectiveness in spite of the tight training schedule.

The Chairman: We still have time left. Any clarifications needed? Ms Indranee.

Ms Indranee Rajah: In the course of his reply, the Minister talked about the formal arrangements that we have for regional cooperation and the informal. The formal, for example, being like the ASEAN Regional Forum, the informal being like the Shangri-La Dialogue. I would appreciate if the Minister could expand a little bit on the value of the informal forums vis-a-vis the formal ones, and what they can achieve in the informal forums as opposed to the formal ones.

Mr Teo Chee Hean: The formal meetings are still evolving. And when it comes to a formal meeting, there is a certain amount of pressure, for example, to sign a resolution at the end of it, or to have an agreement. And you come representing your country and already have a stated and a given position.

Whereas in the informal meetings, especially where there is a good mix of other professionals who are not necessarily with the government - security experts and so on - one can come and express a view. And there is no need for anyone to feel under any pressure because there are no resolutions to be signed at the end of it all, no common statements to be made. All that one needs to do at an informal meeting is to come and be prepared to share his ideas, and to listen to what other people have to say about his ideas, and for him to listen to other people's ideas. Perhaps he will go back and think about these ideas, and he may be able to come up with a good solution which can be adopted in a more formal setting later on.

4.45 pm

The Shangri-La Dialogue is a very good example of that. We had been discussing Malacca Straits security for quite some time, and different views had been expressed by different countries. At one of the Shangri-La Dialogues, the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia and Defence Minister, Dato Seri Najib, proposed the idea of Eyes-In-The-Sky, and this fitted in neatly with some of the principles that had been discussed on how we can conduct Malacca Straits Patrols among the littoral states and the user states. And as a result of these proposals and ideas that came up, outside the Shangri-La Dialogue, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore were very quickly able to agree that Eyes-In-The-Sky was a good idea, and we launched it and got that going. So, the informal nature of the Shangri-La Dialogue has helped ideas to be floated, and even to be implemented subsequently.

Dr Ong Chit Chung: Sir, I would like to ask the Minister whether the American navy and the Japanese navy have a role to play in keeping the Straits of Malacca open and safe.

Mr Teo Chee Hean: Sir, our view is that the security of the Straits is a responsibility of all countries who have a stake and an interest in them. There are three principles which the littoral states as well as the user states have agreed upon. Firstly, that the primary responsibility for security in the Straits is with the littoral states, but that is primary responsibility and it is not sole responsibility. Secondly, user states have a useful role to play as well as international organisations like the IMO. Thirdly, that whatever steps that are taken have to be respectful of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the littoral states, and be consistent with international law. So within these principles, contributions by other countries, user states and international organisations, which are not among the littoral states of the Malacca Straits, would certainly be welcomed by us.

Mr Michael Palmer: Sir, I thank the Minister for his answers to my queries. He gave a very good sense of the defence diplomacy and relationships at the Ministerial level. Could I ask the Minister to perhaps elaborate on the defence relationships at the commander level of the countries in the region? That would give us a sense of how the troops on the ground are actually relating to each other.

Mr Teo Chee Hean: Sir, we place a lot of importance on the people-to-people relationships between the various forces. And, hence, we encourage our officers to attend courses in the Command and Staff Colleges, for example, in the surrounding countries. A good example is our officers who have attended the staff courses in Indonesia - SESKO-AD, SESKO-ABRI, SESKO-AU and SESKO-AL. During the tsunami relief operations, we deployed a number of these officers to serve as commanders and liaison officers. Coincidentally, some of them were commanding officers or serving in units which were deployed to Aceh. That provided for a very close working relationship, and for liaison. In fact, some of them found their classmates in the TNI operating in Aceh. And they were able to operate very closely together. So this is one example where the commanders and officers have worked well together.

We are also encouraging exchanges at the warrant officers' level, and not just at the officers' level. We have started warrant officer exchanges with a number of countries, including surrounding countries and places like US, New Zealand and Australia.

At the more senior level, there are a number of meetings of senior commanders. We have the ASEAN Chiefs of Defence Force informal meeting that has been going on for some years. And the ASEAN Army, Navy and Air Force Chiefs also meet separately, service by service. These meetings have also been going on for a number of years. In the Asia-Pacific as well, there is a Chief of Defence Force meeting. So there are a number of these types of meetings that are going on which allow not just commanders but also mid-level commanders and even warrant officers to get together.

Dr Ong Chit Chung: Mr Chairman, I want to ask whether the Minister would care to clarify the point I raised earlier, whether the officers are still taught strategy besides tactics, because, I believe, strategy is a very important element of overall warfare.

Mr Teo Chee Hean: Sir, I can assure Dr Ong that our officers are still taught strategy, and that it is a very important part of warfare. But to understand not just the operational art of warfare, the operational strategy, but also the policy dimension is important. So we do ensure that our officers understand the policy dimension as well as the strategic environment which they have to function in. I make it a point myself to meet the officers at every course of the Singapore Command and Staff College. I go there and have a session with them, and it is combined together with those who are attending our National Service Command and Staff College Course. And it is always a very interesting session to have discussion with these officers.

The Chairman: Ms Indranee Rajah, one last question.

Ms Indranee Rajah: Mr Chairman, I would like to seek a clarification from the Minister of State, Assoc. Prof. Koo. On Total Defence, his response to me was that, as a female, we could do things that encourage somebody to go for NS. But that still goes back to the military pillar. My point about Total Defence is that the other four pillars actually involve everybody other than able-bodied NSmen. So the question really is: what plans does MINDEF have to get that message out to this other sector of Singaporeans who can then feel involved and participate in Total Defence?

Assoc. Prof. Koo Tsai Kee: Mr Chairman, thank you very much for giving me extra time earlier on. Now I have got a bit more time, I believe.

Women form a critical part of the Total Defence force, because women are mothers, wives, girlfriends, MPs, and they play an important role in complementing National Servicemen. The National Serviceman is the fighting force, but he operates in an ecosystem supported by his employer. So when the NSman goes for in-camp training, the employer should say, "Go, don't ask for deferment, and work hard there." As a wife, when the husband goes for in-camp training, she has to shoulder responsibility of looking after the whole family. Usually, in a household, the husband will have some role. For me, when I was an NSman, I drove my children around. But in the absence of the husband, the wife has to take over. That is part of National Service.

I conduct orientation programmes for new citizens at the PMTC, and the mothers always come along. The mothers are part of the Total Defence team.

Talking about social defence and economic defence, we find that, in many cases, the men are the breadwinners, and the woman supports the husband who is a National Serviceman in various ways.

We have many NSmen who are self-employed. And when they go for in-camp training, there may be some disruption to their businesses or their jobs. They have no employers. They are the boss. Sometimes, they find it a bit difficult, and that is where the woman comes in. So the woman can play many roles - military, social, economic, civil.

The Chairman: Ms Indranee, are you withdrawing your amendment?

Ms Indranee Rajah: Sir, I would like to thank the Minister, the Second Minister for Defence and the Minister of State for Defence for their very comprehensive replies to the questions of the Members of this House.

May I just conclude with a clarification to the Second Minister for Defence? With respect to the outfits for IPPT, I am afraid that that is classified information. And as it is still pending further review and investigation by Ms Jessica Tan and myself, most of the information is presently available.

The Chairman: But you have not yet withdrawn your amendment, Ms Indranee.

Ms Indranee Rajah: Sir, I beg leave to withdraw the amendment.

Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.

The sum of $10,473,000,000 for Head J ordered to stand part of the Main Estimates.

The sum of $330,000,000 for Head J ordered to stand part of the Development Estimates.

Head L – Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources

The Chairman: Head L – Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources. Mr Charles Chong is not here. Ms Lee Bee Wah.

Environmental Issues

Er Lee Bee Wah (Ang Mo Kio): Sir, I beg to move,

That the total sum to be allocated for Head L of the Estimates be reduced by $100.

While we are enjoying economic boom and prosperity is all around, I am sure the same can be said of our environment. We are encouraging our population to swell to five million and above. But how much thicker can we grow our concrete jungle? Increasing our population has triggered a higher demand for housing, food, transport and even refuse disposal. There is more construction work, higher vehicular emissions and more waste. As a Stanford University scientist has warned, an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will increase human mortality. Is the Ministry coming out with a master plan to tackle all these environmental issues? We should be staying one step, if not two steps ahead. And besides that, some other areas of concern are:

Have we done studies on the environmental impact of climate change and global warming on our island? Have we done studies on the environmental impact of setting up oil storage terminals in Jurong? How is the Ministry monitoring the drainage system in our estates, especially the private estates where the water cannot flow smoothly as they are often clogged with leaves and rubbish, which may give rise to outbreaks of diseases like dengue? Has the Ministry studied the impact of vehicular smoke emission on housing estates which are so close to expressways?

Haze seems to come back earlier this year. Is the Ministry doing anything about it? Do we have sufficient compressed natural gas stations for vehicles? Lastly, with inflation sending food prices up, are there plans to build more hawker centres where rental cost can be kept to a minimum?

Sustainable Development

Ms Jessica Tan Soon Neo (East Coast): Mr Chairman, in January this year, PM Lee announced the setting up of a new Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development. While the Inter-Ministerial Committee will focus in providing a national framework and strategy to achieve sustainable and high quality of living consistent with economic growth, and it will also seek to build new competencies to facilitate mind share across the public, private and people sectors, to make Singapore an eco hub. The question I have is: what are the specific steps for change that the Ministry is looking at to help businesses promote environmentally sustainable development and practices in a way that they manage their operations? There clearly is opportunity to drive policy changes and to help set the tone for businesses. Examples are more efficient use of energy, like air-conditioning, lighting, elevators, escalators, prevention of leakage and ceiling, especially in older buildings. It is easier to do this for new buildings, but more needs to be done for current buildings as well. Are there incentives for retrofitting of older buildings to achieve energy efficiency?

One key area is the air-conditioning in our buildings and ceiling for leakages. I would like to ask the Ministry what steps is the Ministry taking to promote cleaner and renewable energy

to help Singapore grow economically in an environmentally sustainable way. What are the short-term measures to steer change while driving for longer term impact within its own operations as well in setting the standards to do this?

Ms Jessica Tan Soon Neo (East Coast): 5.01 pm

The upgrading of the public transport system will help provide opportunity to promote greater use of public transport and to drive for greener transport sector in Singapore. More can be done to promote the benefits of the use of electric hybrid as well as flexi-fuel public transport vehicles. Can the Minister also share on what is being done to help businesses look at new business opportunities presented, because I believe this would be the catalyst to drive new efficiencies?

We are a small country and the impact we have globally, as Singapore drives our efforts, will be small. But it is important that as Singapore grows economically, we do it in an environmentally sustainable way such that we maintain the quality of living in Singapore. Given our size, dense population and lack of resources, we need to take a holistic approach as we look at the sources of energy consumption, water supply, living space, transportation networks and sources of pollution. People are and will continue to be our most important asset. If we are not able to maintain a high quality living environment, we will not be able to continue to retain Singaporeans as well as to attract others to Singapore and the talent that we require for economic growth and success will be impacted.

We need to ensure that in our planning and development, we make it viable for businesses and people to make the right environmentally sustainable choices that it becomes a way of life. For businesses, it is a question of finding new business opportunities that are becoming available as a result of heightened environmental awareness and environmentally friendly technologies. So, what steps is the Ministry taking to take definitive steps to act now and start and, more importantly, drive impact and sustain the efforts?

Climate Change

Dr Muhammad Faishal Ibrahim: Sir, the issue of climate change continues to be debated by many internationally and locally. Recent reports indicated that there are regions in the world that are experiencing serious effects of global warming such as the melting of the ice caps and changes to the weather patterns.

I was in Hong Kong and Macau with my students last one week. The locals there shared with us about the changes in their climate as well as regions surrounding them. They have been experiencing an exceptionally cold and a much harsher weather during the last few months. The temperature went up a little when we arrived in Hong Kong and the locals delightfully mentioned that Singaporeans brought warmth to their shores.

Locally in Singapore, many of the people that I know shared with me that the nights these days are rather cold such that they have not used their air-conditioning system in their homes for the past few months. This has enabled them to save on their utility bills.

Sir, although much has been discussed about climate change related issues, sometimes I ask myself, what does climate change mean to the local heartlanders. Do they understand what climate change means and how does it impact their lives and daily activities? What must they do to play their part in the process of managing climate change?

As a global citizen, I feel that it is important that Singaporeans are aware of their roles and responsibilities on the issues of climate change. How has the Ministry been reaching out to Singaporeans with regard to the issue of climate change and how have Singaporeans been responding to these efforts?

Sir, I would like to know whether and how this issue of climate change has affected Singaporeans and what is being done to adapt and manage its impact.

_ Climate Change - Introduction of Green Transport and Energy Efficiency _

Dr Lim Wee Kiak: Sir, Singapore was described as a little red dot among the sea of green but the reality is that when you view satellite pictures looking at fires around our neighbouring countries, maybe Singapore should be a little green dot among the sea of red.

The issue of climate change took centre stage at many international and regional forums, such as the Davos meeting, the UN Climate Change Conference in Bali (called the Bali Roadmap), the ASEAN Summit as well as the Inter-Parliamentary Union and Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.

The European Union has already committed itself to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% from 1990 levels by 2020, regardless of what happens in international negotiations.

The United Kingdom has also introduced a Climate Change Bill last year. The Climate Change Bill will provide a clear, credible framework to support emission reductions in the UK, in a way which maximises the social and economic benefits and minimises costs. So what I like about the word is "maximises social and economic benefits and minimises costs".

This Bill will put into statute the UK's domestic targets to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through domestic and international action by at least 60% by 2050, with an interim target of reducing it by 26% to 32% by 2020, against a 1990 baseline.

I would like to ask the Minister what is Singapore’s and ASEAN’s response to climate change. What concrete steps can Singapore take to mitigate climate change and reduce our carbon dioxide emissions? Will the Ministry introduce a Climate Change Bill?

The fourth IPCC assessment report listed energy supply, industrial activities and transport sector as the top three CO2 emission activities. In Singapore, power generation, industry and transport account for 51%, 31.7% and 15.8% of fuel consumption in 2005.

I understand that significant inroads have been achieved through our energy efficiency drive for the power generation and industry sector, but I think more can be done for the transport sector. I have proposed a green car COE category before to increase the proportion of green cars on our roads. I hope the Government will introduce measures to encourage our fleet of public buses and taxis to use CNG or biodiesel.

_ Global Warming _

Mr Seah Kian Peng: Sir, I start from a philosophical point of view. In a small, disparate country like ours, there is a softer side to nation-building, a role which mass national celebrations perform - National Day parades, countdown parties, and so on. We do not begrudge the thousands, often millions, spent on them. For example, Minister Mentor himself once pointed out that for the price of a night of fireworks, we could have built a new community centre. But who is to say that the few minutes of fireworks cannot generate as much community spirit and bonding as a community centre?

Sir, I support national celebrations, and I want them to go on, but in a different, more thoughtful way.

In many major events, there is a lot of wastage and not enough thought is given to being eco-friendly. Take the countdown party at the Esplanade - the many white plastic balloons floating on the bay containing wishes. What is the point of this? Can we not have something which is friendlier to the environment? Why not wishes written on leaves? Why not on pieces of bread? Maybe not, but certainly something more biodegradable than plastic balloons.

Of course we cannot eliminate waste totally, but it would be good if such factors come in high on the list of considerations on the organiser's mind. For example, can we have an independent commission to review what is needed to make sure that national celebrations and large scale events follow a certain standard operating procedure that minimises the impact on the environment? Sir, this is a complex task which will likely take some time. I hope the Minister will consider this idea seriously.

Let me suggest something on a smaller scale, something we can do immediately.

Can we turn down our air-conditioning? In Japan, the land of the suited salary men, a climate change has begun. Every summer, it runs a "Cool Biz" campaign. Everyone who works in an air conditioned office should not have to wear suits and ties, even Ministers. Mr Koizumi, the Japan's Prime Minister at that point in time, took the lead - he wore Hawaiian shirts even in public appearances. The temperatures for their air-conditioners are set at 28 degrees Celsius. This is at least six degrees higher than some office buildings here. Sir, somehow, over the years our office temperatures are so low that we can wear the autumn and the winter collections of many fashion houses here. This is really quite ridiculous.

I have seen photographs of our first Cabinet walking from City Hall to Parliament House. None of the Ministers wore a tie. Of course, they were all dressed in white, as a political statement, not as a matter of keeping cool, but, nonetheless, what worked for them could work for us as well. Even in this House, many Members have to put on jackets not because it is a fashion statement, and I must say everyone who had to put on looks good. But, seriously, I believe many of them put on the jackets simply to keep themselves warm. We should all remember that we are part of the tropics and aside from the occasions when we need to be formal, there is no need to wear jackets. The Catholic nuns who work in the tropics, they have different habits which are practical and cool.

Surely, we can be more flexible. So why not increase the temperatures so that it is cool enough to work, but warm enough to do without jackets and sweaters. I have been to several offices - public sector and private - and observe many people having to put on jackets, sweaters and even shawls. Such observations are not lost on many of my overseas friends and guests and they are from the cold wintry countries like Sweden and New Zealand. All of them, without fail, tell me that our buildings are too cold.

A 2004 study by Cornell University in the US showed that warmer workers worked better. When the temperature was raised from 19 degrees to 25 degrees Celsius, typing errors fell by 44% and the output jumped by 150% - talk about productivity!

Our NEA has said that air-conditioners currently account for 40% to 50% of the electricity bills in commercial buildings. If temperature is raised by just 1 degree Celsius, air-conditioning bill comes down by 3%. And what is 3%? A cool $20 million to $26 million a year if all companies did it, enough to more than cover the bills of several fireworks displays. More importantly, it reduces carbon emissions significantly.

The BCA says that the ideal temperature should be set at 22.5 to 25 degrees Celsius. Why do they not go at 24 or 25 degrees? Turning down the air-condition is the first and easy step. I hope that the public sector can and should take the lead. Let us start the Cool Singapore Campaign now.

Environmental Efficiency

Dr Lily Neo (Jalan Besar): Sir, it has been said that Singapore has two seasons - summer outdoors and winter indoors. Many buildings in Singapore are too cold for comfort. It is a waste of energy and money. The ideal indoor temperature should be between 22.5 degrees Celsius and 25.5 degrees Celsius, with average humidity of not more than 70%.

What has NEA done to solve this wastage in view of the increase in price of oil? Could NEA come up with better and more efficient methods to assist building owners to save energy? Should there not be more incentives to achieve faster and greater outcome? And I must say I am feeling cold even with a summer fabric here.

_ Climate Change, Energy and the Environment _

Er Edwin Khew Teck Fook: Sir, I applaud Minister Yaacob, his Ministry and the two agencies, NEA and PUB, for establishing an environment and water supply system in Singapore that any major city in the world will be proud to have. However, Singapore has some way to go before we become an eco-city and as such, PM announced the formation of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development. As co-chair of this Inter-Ministerial Committee, I would like the Minister to answer two questions.

Firstly, what are the Ministry's short and medium termstrategies to mitigate climate change and develop Singapore into a centre for renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions. Within these strategies, I would like Minister to consider:

(a) establishing a new programme office for renewable energy. As to be a new energy hub or a centre for renewable energy, Singapore needs to have a holistic strategy to attract renewable energy technology companies to Singapore. Included in the strategy should be incentives like feed-in tariffs, net metering and other incentives for these companies to want to test bed, showcase and set up their businesses in Singapore;

(b) coordinating all R&D in renewable energy being done by various institutions. I believe all institutions are working independently and I am sure there are overlaps and therefore an inefficient use of manpower and energy;

(c) providing a master plan and roadmap for renewable energy and energy efficiency so that the private sector can understand and therefore react and partner MEWR in this masterplan; and

(d) provide a clear strategy on the use of biofuel, CNG, green vehicles, green public transportation, etc.

Second question: how will this strategy dovetail with the aspirations espoused in the Singapore

Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment and the ASEAN Declaration on Environmental Sustainability? And how will all the above dovetail with what the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change is doing with respect to the Bali roadmap?

Energy Efficiency

5.15 pm

Ms Eunice Elizabeth Olsen (Nominated Member): Sir, the issue of climate change has shot to the top of the global agenda and many countries around the world are stepping up efforts to combat the effect of climate change. Singapore is doing its part as well. Some examples of the Green Mark scheme are Bring Your Own Bag Day, the EASE scheme and the Energy Labelling scheme. Apart from Government's policy, there have also been many efforts by Singaporeans themselves. This year alone, I attended two initiatives by young Singaporeans to promote environmental awareness. The first one was by a group of three girls from the Nanyang Technological University. They launched a website - www.minusplastic.use.sg - as part of their final year project. It contains information about reducing the use of plastic, packaged in a very unique way for different groups of people whether you are an everyday chap, a professional star or an earth warrior, it has something for everyone.

The second project was by a group of National University of Singapore students known as SAVE - Students Against Violation of the Earth. They launched a programme known as Rebate to Earth where plastic bags will cost 10 cents from 4th of February onwards at the NUS Co-op. I believe that young people have in them that daring attitude and the ingeniousness to do something good, not only for themselves, but also for their communities and for our planet. The youths of today have become more and more compelled to engage in new forms of action and activism that can generate effective responses to the ecological challenges that face us both today and in the future.

I would like to ask how the Ministry intends to help all partner, young groups who are interested in the environment and leverage on the ingenuity of these projects to better educate Singaporeans about saving our environment. For example, the NEA could provide a link on their website to these initiatives so as to help these groups share their ideas and help to educate other Singaporeans.

Sir, households account for close to a fifth of their electricity consumed in Singapore because households consume a considerable amount of energy used. We should look to ways in which they can become more energy-efficient. And, here, I echo the sentiments of the hon. Member Dr Faishal Ibrahim. From switching off water heaters when not in use, choosing the economy mode for washing machines when doing laundry, taking showers instead of baths, to switching off lights and appliances when not needed - all simple ways in which Singaporeans can be encouraged to be more energy-efficient. I would like to ask what programmes the Ministry has in place to reach out to these households and whether the Ministry intends to go door-to-door to drive home this message.

Sir, it is imperative that we engage and encourage Singaporeans to believe in the concept of energy efficiency because it will take the effort of each and every Singaporean, no matter how small, to make Singapore become more energy-efficient.

To Adopt Plant-wide Portfolio Approach on CO2 Emissions

Mr Alvin Yeo (Hong Kah): Sir, our national energy policy seeks to address the objectives of energy security, economic competitiveness and the protection of the environment. The need to balance often competing concerns, calls for flexibility of approach on the part of the various agencies involved, including the National Environment Agency (NEA). I should disclose my interest as an independent Director of Tuas Power, presently a subsidiary of Temasek Holdings but in the process of being divested. Tuas Power has an interest in the matters to be discussed as a significant player in the power generation sector.

At present, Singapore's electricity is generated primarily for natural gas, around 80%, which is amongst the highest dependency on gas in the world. With rising oil prices, oil-fired power plants are no longer competitive. While the move to diversify to liquefied natural gas (LNG) goes some way to addressing this issue, Singapore's fuel mix is still much less diversified compared to the global average. Given our heavy dependency on gas imports, we are extremely vulnerable to supply disruption and price escalation due to political tension and natural disasters in our neighbouring producing countries. Our economic growth can also be undermined by rising energy prices. We need to further diversify energy sources to buffer us against disruption, price increases and other threats to our supply.

There are limited options in our drive for diversification. Hydro geothermal and wind power are not feasible in Singapore while nuclear energy brings its own problems. Solar power is potential but its contribution is limited. The only other viable alternative fuel source is coal which constitutes about 40% of diversified power around the world and is substantially cheaper than gas or oil. The main issue, however, surrounding the use of coal lies in the CO2 or carbon dioxide emissions.

Currently, the most advanced ultra super critical plant today in the world has a CO2 emission rate of about 790 grams per kilowatt hour. This is in excess of NEA's standard of 730 grams per kilowatt hour. However, that standard is on a per unit basis, that is, for each generating unit. Without detracting from the need to protect the environment, we need to consider if there are other ways to manage the differing concerns. One way is to adopt the portfolio approach to CO2 emissions whereby a power station has access on the overall rate of emissions taking into account the rate of emission of each generating unit.

To illustrate, a power station might have one unit of co-plant with the CO2 emission rate of about 800 grams per kilowatt hour and two units of gas-fired combined cycle plant with the CO2 emission of about 400 grams per kilowatt hour. The combined emission rate would work out to significantly less than the emission standard of 730 grams per kilowatt hour. So the coal unit on its own would not. The plant-wide portfolio approach on CO2 emission is being practised in countries like Japan. A utility company, such as J Powers' 16,000 megawatt capacity, comprising 50% coal-plant and 50% hydro-plant, their plant-wide CO2 emission rate is 720 grams per kilowatt hour which would meet NEA's standard but, on its own, its coal-plant portion would not meet it.

The use of coal will complement gas and LNG and enhance Singapore's energy security and competitiveness. Modern coal plants have incorporated features to reduce pollutants with the exception that its carbon intensity is higher than coal-fired plants. However, this would be addressed by the adoption of a portfolio approach to CO2 emissions, keeping emissions within overall allowable limits. It is hoped that NEA will consider this approach to allow Singapore to secure its energy supply, bring down the cost of electricity and still protect the environment.

No Green Light

Miss Penny Low: Sir, given the large amounts of carbon emissions from Asia and our success at attracting the mega green players, both the opportunities and challenges are at our doorstep. This budget, however, surprisingly lacked some clear green light! Fortunately, yesterday, Minister Mah assured this House of sustainable development. Could the Minister further outline our strategies for a green economy? How can we tap on the opportunities offered by both the supply and demand side change?

As a country, we do not have big carbon footprints. On a per capita basis, our carbon footprint is big. Collectively, we can play a significant role to reduce our carbon footprint, and serve as role models to our neighbours. For example, in the community, we can promote test bedding of green technological innovations, creation of experimental self-sustaining eco-villages and incentivise green habits. In the business sector, we can allow tax holidays for the production and distribution of energy efficient products or enhance capital allowance claims for adoption of green equipment. For the individuals, we can enhance our green vehicle rebate and provide green labels for informed purchases. Sir, is there green light at the end of the tunnel?

The Minister for the Environment and Water Resources (Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim): Sir, first of all, I would like to thank Ms Lee Bee Wah and Members for their questions and suggestions. Both my colleague, Dr Amy Khor, and I will try to warm up the rather cold Chamber.

Singapore is small and densely populated. To sustain our economic growth, social progress and our quality of life, development has to go hand-in-hand with efforts to preserve our environment.

The challenge we face today is to achieve environmental sustainability over the long term. In other words, how can we ensure that Singaporeans will continue to enjoy clean air, clean water and clean land many years down the road?

We have a firm foundation. So far, we have made economic progress without compromising our environment. Singapore, today, enjoys a clean and healthy living environment that is internationally recognised. We have consistently fared well in the PERC surveys on perceptions of the environment.

Our ambient air quality is good compared with that in the major cities of the world, despite our being a densely populated city state with industrial centres within our city boundaries. For water, we take a long-term view to ensure that we will always have sufficient, reliable and diversified water supply. We have steadily invested infrastructure, such as the Marina Reservoir and Deep Tunnel Sewerage System, and have also been encouraging water conservation. For waste, we have created a sustainable waste management system for land-scarce Singapore. I will speak more on these initiatives later.

Ms Lee Bee Wah asked about our Masterplan to tackle environmental issues. Environmental sustainability will remain a key priority for Singapore with our growing population and economy. As announced by the Prime Minister in January this year, the Minister for National Development and I co-chair an Inter-Ministerial Committee to develop holistic strategies towards sustainable development for Singapore. Minister Mah has earlier outlined to the House of the work to be undertaken by the Committee.

Sustainable development means we must continue to achieve good environmental performance while not undermining economic growth and competitiveness. As Ms Jessica Tan and Dr Lily Neo have suggested, we must take steps to achieve greater efficiency in resources, such as water, energy and land. This will make our business and economy more competitive and at the same time reduce wastage of environmental resources. It also allows Singapore to play our part as a responsible global citizen to contribute to collective efforts to tackle environmental challenges.

Sir, many cities are grappling with environmental challenges, such as pollution from industries and vehicles and the difficulty of finding suitable land for waste disposal. The resultant need for solutions has produced a burgeoning global environment and water industry. With Singapore's good track record, we have a headstart to build up a vibrant environment and water sector. In fact, efforts to do so are already well underway.

Take, for example, the water sector, where our achievements in water management and developing NEWater have attracted international attention. Building on this, our cluster development efforts have enabled us to build up a thriving eco-system of water companies and helped our local companies to expand overseas. To add to our competitive age, we have an ongoing research programme in Clean Water and I am confident that our investments will pay off in terms of new value-add to our GDP and jobs. I will touch more on these efforts in a later cut.

Similarly, EDB is spearheading the development of the local Clean Energy sector by categorising R&D and test-bedding of photovoltaic technologies for harnessing solar energy.

Sir, aside from water and clean energy, there is a large and growing market for other environmental technologies. My Ministry is therefore also looking at other potential areas where we can build up our capabilities and leverage on existing strengths to develop Singapore into a hub for environmental sustainability solutions and technologies.

As Miss Penny Low has mentioned, the demand-side actions are also important. I would like to assure her that my Ministry will continue to engage both households and businesses to encourage the adoption of environmentally friendly actions and habits as a way of life. And these include energy efficiency, recycling and water conservation, just to name a few. Again, I will elaborate more on these areas later.

Sir, even as we work to capitalise on the economic opportunities, we must bear in mind that environmental sustainability is ultimately about handing over to our future generations a high quality environment, ideally even better than what we enjoy today.

Everyone has a part to play and we want every Singaporean to make an effort to care for and protect the environment. To reinforce this message, we launched Clean and Green Singapore last year to replace the Clean and Green Week so that there are now activities throughout the year to encourage Singaporeans to adopt environmentally friendly actions and habits. For instance, we agree fully with Mr Seah Kian Peng that large scale events should be organised in a manner that minimises the impact on the environment. And we will continue to engage the 3P sector to do more in this area.

Sir, I will now touch on some of the specific initiatives that my Ministry is embarking on to ensure environmental sustainability for Singapore, starting with climate change and energy efficiency.

Climate change is a serious threat which has to be addressed collectively by all countries. This was recognised at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change meeting held in Bali in December last year. At the same time, any international framework on climate change has to take into account the national circumstances of different countries and recognise the need to balance environmental sustainability and economic growth.

Certain developed countries are taking the lead in addressing climate change. For example, as Dr Lim Wee Kiak noted, the UK has introduced a Climate Change Bill in 2007 to provide

a framework for their domestic climate change response. Singapore is committed to play its part in the global effort to address climate change as well, but we will adopt a practical approach, as captured in Singapore’s National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS). It is now available online, launched this morning by SPS Dr Amy Khor, after extensive consultations with our key stakeholders, including private companies, academics and youths. The NCCS sets out our efforts to better understand Singapore’s vulnerabilities to climate change and the adaptation measures required. It documents how we are mitigating our greenhouse gas emissions and contributing to international efforts addressing climate change. As our understanding of climate change grows, technology advances and competencies develop, our policies and measures will evolve and improve, and the NCCS will be updated in tandem. Sir, at this point in time, we do not see a need for a Bill.

5.30 pm

Sir, Dr Muhammad Faishal asked about the implications of climate change on Singapore. We know that some potential climate change impact water resources and flooding. As a result of our policies in the past, we have existing measures that help to address some of these impacts. For example, since 1991, we have required new reclamation projects to be built at 125 centimetres above the highest recorded known tide level. PUB was a bit kiasu at that time. But this is well above the maximum sea level rise of 59 centimetres by 2100 predicted by the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

In addition, some of the past and ongoing programmes that PUB has undertaken will put us in good stead in the face of uncertainties from climate change. We have developed NEWater and desalination, both of which are not dependent on rainfall, to diversify our water supply and increase its resilience. Other initiatives in drainage and flood alleviation will also address potential challenges from rising sea levels.

Nonetheless, Sir, we need to continue improving our understanding of climate change effects and impacts. I announced last year that NEA had commissioned a two-year study to better understand specific implications of climate change on Singapore. These include sea level and temperature changes, flooding and coastal erosion. This study, when completed in 2009, will help us to assess what more we need to do to adapt to climate change.

Like water, energy is a scarce resource that we must conserve and use as efficiently as we can. We must also take steps to mitigate the potential environmental impact of the increased demand for energy from faster economic and population growth. To mitigate our greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency is our key strategy. Such measures will also increase our national resilience to the global uncertainties of energy supply and price.

Each of us, whether an individual or organisation, has a role to play in conserving energy. The International Energy Agency estimates that unexploited energy efficiency potentially offers the single largest opportunity for emission reductions across all economies, accounting for between 30% and 50% of carbon dioxide emission reductions by 2050.

Energy efficiency is not just a sound climate change policy. It also promises significant benefits for consumers, companies and the economy at large. For consumers and families, improving efficiency and avoiding waste mean using less electricity at home and less petrol for driving. This translates into lower utility and transport bills. With oil hitting US$100 a barrel, the impact of energy efficiency to the bottom line of businesses is certainly not trivial. By increasing the energy efficiency of their business operations, companies combine both environmental responsibility and business profitability. For the economy, more efficient use of energy reduces energy demand and lowers the need to import fuels.

However, Sir, the uptake of efficiency measures is often slow, largely because of the lack of information about the available options, capital constraints and slow turnover of old capital stock. Where these barriers exist, the Government has a role in providing targeted incentives, information and standards, to help trigger wider deployment, lower costs, and encourage innovation. Other countries and cities, such as New York, have recognised this. Singapore should do no less to capture the benefits of energy efficiency.

The NEA set up the inter-agency Energy Efficiency Programme Office (E2PO) in May 2007, to identify and implement measures to improve Singapore’s energy efficiency.

One area is the public sector, as Mr Seah Kian Peng has mentioned. The Government will continue to take the lead to improve its energy efficiency and influence wider action. I announced last year that all large air-conditioned Government office buildings, as well as polytechnics and ITEs, will conduct energy audits to improve their energy efficiency by March 2010. As of end 2007, eight such buildings have completed their audits and adopted energy-saving measures, such as optimising air-conditioning and improving lighting efficiency. $2.6 million in total annual savings was achieved. Another six public sector buildings are in the process of implementing energy saving measures, and the remaining 40 buildings will complete their audits within the next two years. In addition, for public sector buildings with over 15,000 square metres of air-conditioned Gross Floor Area, we will progressively introduce minimum efficiency performance standards for our central air-conditioning plants.

To kick-start further efforts to promote greater energy efficiency in the private and people sectors, E2PO launched an Energy Efficiency plan (E2 Singapore) to coordinate energy efficiency programmes in all the main sectors of energy use.

Sir, Dr Lim Wee Kiak, Dr Lily Neo and Ms Eunice Olsen have asked how we will drive the energy efficiency improvements in Singapore. During the Budget debate, MPs, including Dr Teo Ho Pin, Ms Jessica Tan, Miss Penny Low and Mr Gautam Banerjee mentioned the need for more green initiatives. I welcome their suggestions. So I am pleased to announce that, for a start, a Sustainable Energy Fund of $50 million over five years has been established to build competency in energy management and support the programmes under E2 Singapore. A targeted sectoral approach will be taken to improve energy efficiency across the economy. Let me take each sector one by one.

Manufacturing industries account for a significant share of energy use in Singapore. Regardless of their products, industrial facilities have to be designed to be efficient right from the start and to use efficient equipment. They should also have trained personnel who recognise the opportunities for improving energy efficiency.

Sir, to help new industrial facilities incorporate energy efficiency considerations at the design stage, NEA will introduce a Design for Efficiency scheme. This pilot scheme will co-fund design workshops for new industrial developments to meet the high standards of energy efficiency. Texas Instruments (TI) in the USA, for example, was able to design an extremely efficient wafer chip factory through similar workshops. It was estimated that their new factory will use 20% less electricity and 35% less water as compared to their wafer chip factories built previously.

We also encourage industries to adopt energy-efficient technologies and equipment. Currently, NEA administers the Energy Efficiency Improvement Assistance Scheme to co-fund energy audits for companies. As of end January 2008, 87 manufacturing facilities and buildings have identified energy efficiency measures which will result in $23 million in annual energy savings. To further encourage our companies, NEA will establish a Grant for Energy Efficient Technology. This grant, which is known as GREET, will provide funding for companies to offset part of their investment cost for energy-efficient equipment. In addition, NEA will provide a Singapore Certified Energy Manager Training Grant to help equip facility owners and technical staff with the necessary knowledge and skills to manage energy services within their facilities. We will also study the feasibility of making the appointment of energy managers mandatory for large manufacturing and building facilities in the next three to five years.

Sir, Mr Alvin Yeo suggested having greater flexibility in the approval of power plants by considering CO2 emissions, not just on per power plant basis, but also on an overall portfolio-wide basis. The power generation sector currently accounts for about 50% of Singapore's CO2 emissions. To support the increased demand for electricity from a growing population and economy, my Ministry is working with the economic agencies to study commercially viable options to increase our power generation capacity. With increasing global concerns over CO2 emissions that lead to climate change, one of the key considerations will also be how capacity can be increased in an environmentally sustainable manner which is not regressive for our efforts to mitigate carbon emissions.

We have successfully balanced between economic growth, energy security and environmental sustainability considerations in the past. For instance, through the greater use of efficient combined-cycle generation technology, overall power generation efficiency has increased from 37% to 44% from 2000 to 2007. In addition, the proportion of electricity generated by natural gas in Singapore increased from 19% to 79% over the same period. These contributed significantly to the reduction in carbon intensity or CO2 per dollar GDP in 2006, to about 30% below 1990 levels. However, we will continue to explore all options to balance between the various considerations, including Mr Yeo's suggestion.

Sir, for the buildings sector, we will continue to work with BCA to encourage the development and construction of energy-efficient buildings. BCA plans to introduce mandatory standards for new buildings equivalent to the Green Mark standard from April 2008.

We recognise that the existing stock of buildings is far greater than the number of new buildings coming up. Steps have to be taken to improve the energy efficiency of these existing buildings. MOS Grace Fu mentioned earlier that BCA is developing a grant to encourage the upgrading of building envelopes of existing buildings to improve the overall building energy efficiency.

In addition, NEA and the Energy Sustainability Unit of the National University of Singapore launched the EnergySmart Building Labelling Scheme in 2005 for office buildings. EnergySmart recognises the top 25 percentile of buildings in terms of energy efficiency and indoor air quality. In August 2007, the scheme was extended to hotels. By recognising hotels which perform best in energy efficiency, we hope to motivate other hotels to also invest in energy-efficient equipment to lower their operational costs and attract environmentally-conscious travellers. The Regent Singapore is one of our EnergySmart hotels. It adopted various energy efficiency measures, such as using energy-efficient lighting and optimising its airconditioning system. Through these measures, the hotel achieved a 26% reduction in electricity consumption while providing the same level of comfort to its guests.

Sir, all of us contribute to global warming and climate change through energy consumption which increases greenhouse gas emissions. So, we can all make a difference, by making energy-efficient choices at home, at work and in our choice of transport. Dr Lim Wee Kiak pointed out that, according to the Fourth Assessment Report released by the IPCC, the transport sector was responsible for 23% of the world energy-related greenhouse gas emissions in 2004. In Singapore, the transport sector accounted for about 19% of our CO2 emissions in 2005.

There is scope to improve the energy efficiency of the transport sector. For densely populated and land-scarce Singapore, public transport is the most energy-efficient form of transport. The Ministry of Transport has announced a target to improve the share of commuters using public transport during morning peak hours from 63% in 2004 to 70% by 2020. Vehicle population and usage demand measures will also continue to feature in our land transport policies.

To help drivers choose more fuel-efficient vehicles, the Government will introduce mandatory fuel economy labelling for passenger cars from 1st April 2009. All automobile retailers will have to display the fuel economy labels of passenger car models at the showroom. Fuel economy information will also be made available on the NEA website.

Finally, Sir, for electrical appliances, airconditioners and refrigerators in stores now carry the energy label. The Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme will be extended to clothes dryers by April 2009. We will consider extending the scheme to other appliances, including household lightings and water heaters by 2010. Going forward, we will also look into imposing Minimum Energy Performance Standards on household airconditioners and fridges over the next two to three years.

Sir, I will ask Dr Amy Khor to continue with the reply.

The Senior Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Environment and Water Resources (Dr Amy Khor Lean Suan): Sir, every one of us can play a role to be more energy efficient and conserve energy. Simple habits can help households save electricity and do their part to address climate change. Let me give Members an example of a household in Punggol that started switching their thermostat from 22 degrees Celsius to 25 degrees in October last year. They achieved electricity savings of over 10% in the process. That is not all. In December, this energy-conscious household switched to using fans instead.

This cut their electricity consumption by a further 24%, and they can potentially save over $330 every year. As evident from this example, households can achieve savings in electricity consumption and bills by making energy-efficient decisions. Yet, many people are, in effect, leaving money on the table by not doing so.

5.45 pm

Sir, I am heartened that grassroots organisations and companies have been encouraging residents and businesses to adopt energy-saving actions. For example, the Marine Parade Constituency launched an initiative called "Towards a Greener Tomorrow" early this year to promote energy conservation in households. Northwest CDC launched a month-long North West Green Festival in July last year to create greater awareness of environmental issues, including energy conservation.

Several companies have also participated in initiatives to save energy. Philips Electronics Singapore partnered South West CDC to sponsor energy-efficient light bulbs to be installed free of charge in 2,000 low-income households. Ricoh Asia Pacific partnered the Singapore Environment Council to launch Eco Action 2007 on World Environment Day in 2007, where 15 organisations pledged to take actions to reduce their energy consumption, saving about 8,000kWh or $1,500 in electricity bills in total.

These community-led and industry-led initiatives are important steps in the journey to improve our energy efficiency. To further motivate Singaporeans to conserve energy, I am glad to inform Mr Seah Kian Peng, Dr Lily Neo, Ms Eunice Olsen and the House that NEA will be launching a national campaign to help households save energy through various avenues. This campaign will include teaching residents how they can save both electricity and money, by making simple changes in their daily habits like raising the air-conditioning temperature to 25 degrees and careful selection of energy-efficient appliances.

Sir, our energy efficiency initiatives under E2 Singapore will promote environmental sustainability and contribute to economic growth. I urge Singaporeans to make energy-efficient choices in their daily lives, and play a role in making us an energy-efficient Singapore.

Mr Edwin Khew and Ms Jessica Tan asked how we are developing Singapore into a centre for clean energy solutions. The Government is taking an active role in driving Clean Energy R&D investment and test-bedding, as part of an integrated strategy comprising technology development, cluster development and internationalisation. The Clean Energy Programme Office (CEPO), not renewable energy programme office, led by EDB and in partnership with agencies, such as NEA, has been set up to drive efforts in this area. CEPO has launched comprehensive research and test-bedding programmes on clean energy. These include $170 million from the National Research Foundation for fuel cell and solar R&D, as well as a $17 million Clean Energy Research and Test-bedding Platform (CERT), to test-bed solar photovoltaic technologies. The PUB's Marina Barrage will be among the first batch of test-bedding sites under the CERT programme. The Ministry of Trade and Industry will elaborate more on this topic during their COS discussion.

Mr Edwin Khew also asked how climate change strategies will dovetail with the aspirations espoused in the ASEAN Declaration on Environmental Sustainability and the Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment. In November 2007, ASEAN adopted these Declarations, demonstrating the region's shared commitment towards environmental protection and conservation. Our initiatives in sustainable development will contribute towards this regional effort.

The Declarations re-affirmed the need to take an effective approach to the interrelated challenges of climate change, energy security and other environmental and health issues. Leaders also called for intensification of on-going cooperation to improve energy efficiency and the use of cleaner energy, including the use of renewable and alternative sources. Singapore's drive towards energy efficiency and clean energy will enable us to play our part, and share our experiences with other countries.

In addition, ASEAN Leaders agreed to encourage efforts to develop a climate change initiative to further strengthen regional cooperation in responding to climate change, and to undertake concrete actions to respond to its adverse impacts. For instance, we could share information on the vulnerabilities and impacts of climate change, and harness regional expertise for a more concerted action at the regional level.

Singapore will actively pursue opportunities for collaborating with our ASEAN partners on how the region can leverage on energy efficiency initiatives and clean energy to help mitigate the impacts of climate change.

The Chairman: Mr Charles Chong and Mr Chiam See Tong are not present. Mr Edwin Khew.

Clean Energy Vehicles

Er Edwin Khew Teck Fook: Sir, I would like to applaud the Minister and the NEA for ensuring that Singapore's air quality is one of the best in the world. This is one major compelling reason why many foreign companies decide to invest in Singapore and to move their staff and families here.

However, Singapore can still improve on its air quality standards from three major sources. One, motor vehicles. Two, stationary sources which include manufacturing, gencos, etc. And, three, haze from cross-border sources. I believe much has been done to control and improve on air pollution caused by stationary sources and on mitigating cross-border haze by working closely with Indonesia and particularly with Riau. I would therefore like to focus on pollution caused by motor vehicles and the Ministry's policies and strategies to address this sector.

Sir, I would like the Minister to clarify; one, what is MEWR doing to encourage more green vehicles, hybrid CNG and Euro IV or V vehicles on our roads? Two, why is the tax levy on private diesel cars still necessary when Euro V diesel engines are less pollutive and more efficient compared to petrol-driven cars? I believe the thermal efficiency of diesel engines nowadays are 30% better than petrol engines. And this is the reason why 50% of all car sales in Europe today are diesel engine cars. This has helped Europe cap the consumption of fuel in cars. Three, why can the Government not provide more incentives for CNG dispensing stations to be built as this is a chicken-and-egg problem and needs to be resolved? With the high cost of petrol and the advantage of a cleaner environment from using CNG, it will make good sense for the Government to invest in providing this infrastructure. Four, why do parking charges for Euro IV truck cost more than an Euro III or IV truck of the same dimension? I believe trucks are charged based on their gross weight and not their size. Why are we penalising or disincentivising companies who are going green? I believe the extra weight is because of the catalytic converter required by the Euro IV or V engines.

Recycling

Dr Lim Wee Kiak: Sir, one of the key initiatives for mitigating climate change is to encourage, reduce, reuse and recycle. I would like to congratulate the Ministry of the Environment for the good progress we have made in our recycling efforts. Under the Singapore Green Plan 2012 launched in 2002, the target is to increase recycling rate from 44% to 60% by 2012 and to achieve zero landfill.

What is the current status of the Singapore Green Plan? Is 60% a target too low since we have already achieved a recycling rate of over 51% in 2006?

Although there are recycling bins distributed in HDB and private estates, the management of these bins is less than desirable. There are many complaints regarding recycling bins being too far away, too full as they are not cleared frequently enough, too dirty and smelly as other organic waste may have been disposed in these bins wrongly. The bins are also frequently raided by karang guni men, resulting in extensive littering around the bins.

What is the Ministry doing to address these issues? What other measures is the Ministry introducing to increase recycling?

Will the Government consider incorporation of separate and dedicated recycling rubbish chutes for HDB flats both in new and those undergoing the Home Improvement Programme as well as to encourage private developers to incorporate dedicated recycling rubbish chutes in their new developments?

Environmental Degradation

Mdm Ho Geok Choo (West Coast): Sir, as we know, behind our galloping economy is an enormous amount of resources like electricity and water utilised daily. Can the Ministry provide information on which industries are the most pollutive and which are the most energy-consuming per dollar of revenue, and in absolute terms? This will make it more efficient to tailor an approach for each industry in conserving our environment.

Other than the grants mentioned, are there incentives available to encourage the private and public sectors to be more environmentally-friendly? Can tax rebates be considered, for example? Perhaps more emphasis should be placed on conserving resources and electricity in our public sector. Organisations can also be encouraged to implement, on a permanent basis, campaigns like "Bring your own mug" or "Switch off all lights when not in use".

Another issue is that environmental awareness should also be instilled in the young for them to play their part. Recycling bins can be made available in all schools. Instead of throwing textbooks away, schools can organise to collect these textbooks and hand them down to maximise the life of the textbook.

Environmental Protection and Sungei Road

Ms Denise Phua Lay Peng (Jalan Besar): Sir, in 2006, Singapore generated about 2.6 million tonnes of refuse which has to be disposed of. Over the festive seasons, where many households spring clean their homes, I was appalled to see many useful things being thrown away – electrical appliances, clothes, toys, etc. It reflects the excesses of consumerism and the erosion of values, which is thrift and life simplification, in our affluent countries.

Hence, I want to congratulate the Ministry for adopting a very sound strategic thrust of waste minimisation, especially at source. Unfortunately, the simple and important 3R message of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle has not taken root amongst Singaporeans yet. Sir, I propose three destinations to which resources can be directed to support this strategy.

First, in the school system. Sir, I was very impressed when I stumbled upon a pre-school teacher teaching package in an NEA portal with the learning goal of implementing the 3Rs in schools. However, when my enthusiastic teachers look further for similar teaching resources for children beyond pre-school and tried to invite officers to teach the students, they were disappointed. I would urge the NEA to continue the good work it has started, and extend the 3Rs education initiative to older students beyond pre-school. And please not just for mainstream schools but also special schools.

Second, in the Town Council system, I propose that all Town Councils seriously adopt waste minimisation as a key strategy in their yearly workplans and develop some KPIs for tracking and accountability. Ad-hoc efforts with a bin here and a bin there will not create any impact. Education of cleanliness and residents given incentives to recycle and simply providing an X number of bins per block for the recyclable materials are some easy steps to take.

Third, in Sungei Road, which is on its way to being dubbed the slum in the city, my residents' frustration that the Sungei Road market – the litter, the unsightliness, unlawful storage of goods, security threats, illegal vendors, etc, – have been discussed in this House. However, there is a great opportunity to turn this problem around with a good solution that solidly supports the Ministry's waste minimisation strategy and even provide work opportunities for my needy and elderly residents. First, get rid of the illegal vendors by instituting a restricted licence system.

Waste Management and Recycling

Er Edwin Khew Teck Fook: Sir, NEA has done through its National Recycling Programme (NRP) to achieve the recycling rate of 51% in 2006, from a figure of 40% in 2000. Will Singapore achieve its recycling rate of 60% by 2012? Before I ask the Minister the following questions, I would like now to declare my interest, as I run a waste management and renewable energy company.

I would like to ask the Minister the following questions:

(1) to provide the Report Card on Singapore's recycling efforts to-date and whether we will achieve our Green Plan target of 60% recycling by 2012;

(2) to clarify how our targets for recycling benchmark against other developed countries, in particular, EU countries and Japan;

(3) to update on the Ministry's effort to minimise the generation of waste going into the incinerators and our only landfill and update us on the projected capacity of the landfill, considering current and projected generation of waste based on major IR projects, the annual F1 race, the larger than expected

en blocs taking place and, therefore, the waste generated from these projects and the increase in population of foreign workers to provide the services required for all these projects;

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(4) to clarify whether the Minister would be prepared to legislate source segregation to improve recycling to meet and improve on targets set to minimise waste going into our incinerators and landfills;

(5) to consider providing more incentives to attract companies with technologies to treat and create valuable bi-products using recyclables being segregated at source. This initiative will further enhance Singapore's position as a Technology Centre for Solutions for Waste Management which is scaleable regionally and will dovetail well with our eco-city master plan; and

(6) to elaborate on the Ministry's medium to long-term strategies to dovetail with the overall eco-city master plan of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development.

Smoking Ban and Young Smokers

Mr Liang Eng Hwa (Holland-Bukit Timah): Sir, in the last two years, the smoking ban has been extended to many public locations, including entertainment outlets. I applaud the Ministry for the move. However, enforcing the ban is another issue and there continues to be many complaints from Singaporeans about having to contend with second-hand smoke. The letters that were written to the Straits Times Forum page include instances of smoking seen in office buildings, public toilets, bus-stops, coffee shops and entertainment outlets. I even remember reading about people smoking in the Botanic Gardens. I would like to ask the Ministry if it has any plans to step up the enforcement of the smoking ban and how it rates its implementation of the smoking ban so far.

Secondly, I would like to ask if the Ministry has plans to extend the ban to more public areas, especially those frequented by children, eg, outside childcare centres, kindergartens, and children's playgrounds. I think we should implement the ban on such areas straightaway. Children learn by watching the actions of the adults around them. The smokers are not just ruining their own health and others, they are also setting a bad example to the young and the impressionable children.

Lastly, would the Minister give us an update on the Government's recent efforts to reduce smoking among the young? Does the Ministry have an estimate on the number of smokers and, if so, how many of these are young people and teenagers? Are we winning the battle to deter more young from picking up the habit?

The Chairman: Order. The Leader of the House has informed me that he wishes to move a motion to take the proceedings on the Estimates for FY 2008/2009 beyond 7.00 pm.

Thereupon Mr Deputy Speaker left the Chair of the Committee and took the Chair of the House.