HEAD L - MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND WATER RESOURCES

ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURE FOR THE:

FINANCIAL YEAR:

1ST APRIL, 2007:

TO:

31ST MARCH, 2008:

(Paper Cmd. 2 of 2007): Order read for consideration in Committee of Supply [4th Allotted Day].

[Mr Speaker in the Chair]: Head L - Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources

The Chairman: Head L - Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources. Mr Charles Chong.

Clean and Sustainable Environment

Mr Charles Chong (Pasir Ris-Punggol): Sir, I beg to move,

That the total sum to be allocated for Head L of the Estimates be reduced by $100.

Sir, we have already heard that Singapore aspires to be closer to the top among First World nations. In the years ahead, we plan to support a significantly larger population and increase industrial activities for economic growth. However, much needs to be done to ensure that we always have a clean and sustainable environment that will enhance our quality of life. Could the Minister tell us where Singapore now stands compared to First World countries, in terms of environmental performance? What are the benchmark and timeframe he has set for his Ministry to achieve our objectives of being among the top of the First World countries?

One of the most important factors in our survival is the availability of clean water at affordable prices. Could the Minister tell us what plans are there to ensure that we will always have sufficient water for our people, industries, businesses and recreation even when our population approaches 6.5 million people?

In addition to water sufficiency, we need to ensure good air quality, despite increasing industrial activities and more vehicles on our roads. Could the Minister tell us what has been done to ensure good air quality in Singapore and the promotion of the use of environmentally-friendly vehicles on our roads? However, good air quality is not dependent solely on domestic measures.

Despite our best efforts, our air quality may be affected by transboundary haze. And I think it may be a bit more difficult for Indonesia to enforce a ban on the export of its haze compared to the enforcement of the ban on its sand exports. But I will talk more about the haze in the later cut.

Sir, economic growth and population increase are often accompanied by increased waste generation. How fast are our landfills filling up and how is Singapore addressing our waste problems? What is the percentage on waste recycling compared to other developed countries and what measures are being taken to raise the percentage of recycling in Singapore?

Sir, being a top First World country is more than just infrastructure development and providing world-class amenities. Our people must develop social responsibility and social graces that are associated and even expected of a top First World nation. A visit to some of our housing estates and parks will reveal that public behaviour and attitudes towards the care of public property and amenities still leave much room for improvement. Without the thousands of efficient cleaners cleaning up for us every day, many of our estates may not even be near First World standards.

Achieving a clean and sustainable environment would require more than just Government action. The support and commitment of all parties involved are of vital importance if we are to succeed. Could the Minister tell us what measures his Ministry has taken and will take to enhance public education and enforcement action, if necessary, in order to ensure that our social behaviour keeps pace with our drive to become a top First World country? Could the Minister also tell us how successful has its engagement efforts seen with its three "P" partners - people, private and public sector partners - been so far and what more would be done to enhance this partnership?

Mr Edwin Khew Teck Fook (Nominated Member): Sir, Singapore has invested heavily in technology and R&D in the environment of water sector over the last 40 years to ensure we have a clean and sustainable environment. I do applaud MEWR and the Government for this long-sighted initiative.

We will be spending even more in R&D in this sector over the next five years. And I believe the National Research Foundation has allocated $330 million this year for research on environment and water technology. May I ask the Minister whether there is a masterplan drawn up for R&D and technology development in this sector, and whether an Environment Water Ministry Technology Task Force was set up and whether the private sector was consulted to develop this masterplan? If there is such a masterplan, can the Minister share this with the industry?

There are many sub-sectors in this large area of environment and water and Singapore cannot be taking the lead in all sub-sectors. It would therefore be good if Singapore, as a whole, both Government and private sector decide on what sectors should Singapore focus on, particularly because of our special constraints of limited space and high population density. Many technologies in developed economies like Europe and the US had been developed and become leaders worldwide because of government regulations in environmental laws. For example, Photo Voltage, or PV, for solar cells, Germany introduced feed-in tariff laws for renewables in year 2000. It is now the biggest market for PV in the world, making 25% to 30% of the world's markets for PV, creating 38,000 jobs in manufacturing and systems supply and over 1,000 jobs in R&D.

Sir, if Singapore wants to be a leader in the EWI sector, we need to plan, strategise and take bold initiatives and decisions. Only then can we attract major global players in this industry to come to Singapore and, more importantly, to develop our own Singapore based EWI SMEs, and therefore to be a leader in sustainable development.

Haze

Mr Charles Chong: Sir, could the Minister update the House on the measures taken to prevent the recurrence of the haze situation experienced in Singapore last year and in previous years. I understand that Singapore and other countries have agreed to work with the Indonesians to eliminate slash and burn land clearance methods and, ultimately, eliminate the annual occurrence of haze over the entire region. Could the Minister tell us what is the level of Singapore's commitment to assist Indonesia eliminate this domestic and transborder environmental hazard faced by Indonesia and the regional countries, including Singapore, for many years already?

Sir, no amount of effort would succeed without effective monitoring and enforcement action on the ground by the Indonesian authorities. However, I remain optimistic that good progress will be achieved as Indonesia has recently demonstrated its ability to take drastic action to protect the environment.

Finally, Sir, is the Minister aware of any Singapore-owned companies involved in agricultural activities in Indonesia that generate haze? And, if so, what action does he plan to take against such companies?

Dust Pollution

Dr Lim Wee Kiak (Sembawang): Mr Chairman, Sir, Singapore has been consistently ranked high on good ambient air quality by PERC (Political and Economic Risk Consultancy) as well as the ECA International. The Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) was reported to be in the good range for more than 85% of the year for the last three years. For that, I applaud the efforts of the Ministry. The period affected was mainly due to transboundary haze as a result of forest fires in our neighboring countries.

I am also heartened to hear that the Ministry will work in achieving a good PM2.5 air quality. This can be achieved by further control of fuel pollutants released by the motor diesel vehicles on our roads by the introduction of Euro IV emission standards for diesel vehicles from October 2006 last year. While we are on the way to achieving good results in these areas and maintaining good air ambient quality for PSI, we still have some way to go for the control of dust particles that are of much larger in size. These dust particles are generated by heavy industries, such as sand blasting activities by the shipyards and some other heavy industries.

Residential areas in the vicinity of these heavy industries, that is, within one kilometre, bear the brunt of the dust assault annually with the seasonal change of monsoon winds. This problem is particularly acute in some parts of Sembawang Town and has been reported in an article in Lianhe Zaobao dated 5th January this year. My question is: what are the planning guidelines when we sited residential areas near to an industrial area? Perhaps, there should be a light industry buffer area to buffer the residential area. This probably is a question to be answered better by MND, but perhaps the Minister could enlighten us a little bit.

Sembawang Shipyard has, over the past two years, invested significantly on indoor blasting facilities and also introduced many measures, such as netting at source, to control the dust pollution. National Parks (NParks) had also planted 500 trees during the Clean and Green Week last year upon our request to create a green belt between the shipyard and the residential areas. Although these dust particles, as claimed by the health officials, are inert and may not result in significant respiratory and other health problems, they are still a source of concern for the residents who have to clean the black dust from their floors, windows and table tops daily.

I would like to ask the Minister what measures are currently in place to mitigate the dust pollution and what are the future plans of the Ministry to further reduce the dust pollution.

Littering

The Senior Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Education (Mr Masagos Zulkifli B M M): Sir, I will not belabour the House much more on the littering problems, as I have already stated them in my Budget speech. Therefore, I will only ask the following questions of the Ministry and perhaps just reiterate the relevant points. I am sure that there must be no lack of programmes and engagement with the community to keep Singapore litter free. However, the doubling of offenders in 2006 to 7,000 seems to hint at fatigue by the public with the campaign or show that the message is not heeded by a sizeable group of the public.

Anecdotally, our HDB estates suffer more littering than ever.

12.30 pm

Therefore, what other initiatives will the Ministry embark on to inculcate ownership and care for the environment other than stronger enforcement of the law? Would the Ministry consider alternative programmes that would instead provide incentives to the public who participate and contribute to a more cost-effective way to keep our surroundings clean and litter free?

Mr Liang Eng Hwa (Holland-Bukit Timah): Sir, we can do more to reduce littering. Anecdotal evidence seems to suggest that public cleanliness in crowded parts of Singapore is deteriorating as a result of littering.

A clean environment in Singapore is of utmost importance because we are a densely populated country. Litter can also spoil the image of our cityscape and clog up our waterways. The Keep Singapore Clean campaign goes all the way back to 1968. Over the years, we have numerous initiatives at the national and local levels to keep Singapore litter free. Despite these campaigns and initiatives, I do not think we would have this current state of cleanliness, if not for the efforts of our cleaners.

One effective way to drive home the anti-littering message is to have an annual national No Sweep Day so that the public can have a sense of the extent of littering if the cleaners are not there to sweep the floors and the streets. It will also give us a good sense of whether our litter-free habit has taken root and it will enable us to track progress and calibrate new approaches to tackle the littering problem. I understand that some constituencies already have such No Sweep Days in some form. But I believe a national level No Sweep Day would be better able to drive home the point to all Singaporeans.

I would also like to suggest to the Ministry to be more targeted in anti-littering enforcement by focusing, firstly, on the most littered areas, such as hawker centres and bus interchanges. Secondly, it is always the recalcitrant minority that are the habitual litterbugs. Hence, I would like to suggest different penalties for repeat or habitual offenders, which include also a mandatory education programme for those repeat offenders to learn why we need to keep the environment clean.

Littering in the HDB heartlands has also not improved. Often, the common dirty spots are those behind the blocks where socially irresponsible residents just throw their rubbish out of their kitchen windows. This should also be another targeted area of enforcement by NEA and the Town Councils. However, in the HDB communities, I think a more sustainable approach to keep the estate clean is to build a stronger sense of community ownership. If our residents feel a strong sense of ownership to their community, keeping their estate clean will come naturally for them. But to build this community ownership, a by-the-people-for-the-people approach would be more effective, rather than a top-down approach. I hope NEA and HDB can be given even more resources to work with the grassroots communities to strengthen ownership and spread this message of keeping their home environment clean.

Public Cleanliness

Mrs Josephine Teo (Bishan-Toa Payoh): Sir, in many public places, we still see the "Singapore OK" sign, but a casual survey conveys something different, especially around the restrooms. They do not look OK, neither do they smell OK. Personal hygiene and habits certainly do play a part, but there are two other contributing factors.

First, the restrooms are often thoughtlessly designed. They are tucked away in narrow corners which are poorly lit, and restrooms near cinemas and foodcourts are often too small. This leads to long queues. Towel dispensers are placed a distance away from washbasins, contributing to wet and slippery floors. Besides these, cleaners are often not given the right tools to do their jobs. Many of them do not seem to have had the proper training. As a result, the poorly-designed restrooms are poorly maintained. As for the poor restroom user, good luck to him or her.

To turn this vicious cycle around, we must have well-designed restrooms which will make it easier for well-trained cleaners to do their jobs and motivate users to keep them clean. To be a first-class city with first-class social habits, we should also have first-class restrooms with first-class cleaners. Can the Ministry take steps towards this goal?

The Minister for the Environment and Water Resources (Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim): Mr Chairman, Sir, I would like to first thank Mr Charles Chong, the Chairman of the GPC for National Development and the Environment, and other Members for their questions and suggestions. Both Dr Amy Khor and myself will endeavour to answer them to the best of our abilities and we promise not to sweep anything under the carpet.

Sir, we have every reason to be proud of the environment that we have today. Through careful planning and sound policies, we now enjoy a clean and healthy living environment that is internationally recognised. We have been ranked first in cleanliness for four consecutive years from 2003 to 2006 in the Condé Nast Traveller’s Readers’ Travel Awards. Singapore has also been consistently rated best for the overall quality of our environment among Asian countries for the past six years in the surveys conducted by the Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC). For 2006, however, PERC's latest report on “Comparative Country Risk” has indicated that Singapore is not spared from transboundary challenges. But the PERC report also notes that "the Government has benefited from an aggressive campaign to do what it can within its own powers to pursue green policies.” We should, therefore, continue to actively pursue our own environmental objectives, while working closely with our neighbours to tackle the transboundary issues.

By keeping our air, water and land clean, our quality of life has improved over the years. Our excellent living environment has become our competitive advantage in rooting residents and attracting investments and talents. According to the 2006 Quality of Living Survey done by Mercer Human Resource Consulting among executives worldwide, Singapore has the best quality of life in Asia.

Sir, Mr Chong and Mr Edwin Khew have asked about our domestic efforts to maintain good air quality and to promote the use of environmentally-friendly vehicles on our roads. I will update the House on our efforts to promote green vehicles in response to the cut on hybrid vehicles later. But, first, on the air quality.

Singapore’s ambient air quality compares favourably with major cities of the world. As our industry base expands and vehicle population increases, we have ensured that the sources of air pollution are kept in check and the quality of our ambient air remains good.

The National Environment Agency (NEA) has put in place a system of planning control, enforcement and monitoring to ensure that our industries meet the emission standards. Industries are required to install pollution control equipment or take pollution abatement measures to reduce air impurities and dust from their operations. NEA carries out regular checks to ensure that industries comply with the requirements. Motor vehicles are also required to comply with the vehicular emission standards.

In Singapore, our key air pollutants are well within the USEPA standards, except for very fine particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter or it is called PM2.5. This is of particular concern to us, as PM2.5 has been linked by many studies to respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis and asthma, and to heart disease, which may result in increased hospitalisations and premature deaths. Our current ambient level of PM2.5 for year 2006 is 23ug/m3, which is above the USEPA standard of 15ug/m3.

As diesel vehicles are a major emitter of PM2.5, it is important for us to implement measures to reduce PM2.5 emissions from this source. As noted by a Member, from October 2006, we have introduced the more stringent Euro IV standards for new diesel vehicles. Over time, older diesel vehicles will be replaced by the cleaner Euro IV vehicles, and ambient levels of PM2.5 will fall.

Sir, from January this year, diesel vehicles are also required to undergo the more rigorous chassis dynamometer smoke test (CDST) during their mandatory periodic inspections. This smoke test has replaced the former free-acceleration smoke test, and will help ensure that diesel vehicles are maintained properly to reduce their pollutant emissions.

With these measures, we target to achieve the USEPA standard for PM2.5 by 2014.

Sir, let me now turn to the cut by Dr Lim Wee Kiak who has asked about pollution caused by dust particles. Dust pollution from industries is generally not a problem in Singapore. However, it may arise from certain premises, as noted by Dr Lim, like shipyards, due to their work processes. For instance, some residents living in Sembawang New Town in the vicinity of Admiralty Link have experienced the deposition of black dust in their flats. The black dust is caused by grit blasting of ships at Sembawang Shipyard and carried towards the HDB flats by wind during the north-east monsoon from November to March. The black dust comprises mainly iron and copper particles and is no more harmful than other particles in the air, if present in small quantities. The NEA has monitored the dust level at the HDB estate in Admiralty Link and found it to be within the USEPA standard for PM10, which is the standard. The black dust, therefore, does not pose a health risk to the residents. But, as rightly noted by Dr Lim, the black dust is a nuisance to his residents.

Hence, NEA has been working with Sembawang Shipyard and the grassroots to mitigate the problem. Sembawang Shipyard has taken various measures to minimise the dust emissions from its operations, such as using a water curtain system, to wash down the dust emissions and using a fine net covering around the ships to contain the dust. Grassroots leaders at a dialogue session in December last year told us the situation had improved compared to two or three years ago. And I would like to assure Dr Lim that the NEA will continue to be vigilant in the regulation of air pollution to ensure that the ambient air in Singapore is kept within the USEPA standards. Dr Lim has also asked about the internal guidelines, in terms of having residential places together with industries. There are buffer zones that separate industries from residential premises.

Sir, let me now turn to the issue of haze. Notwithstanding our efforts to mitigate air pollution within Singapore, our air quality is also affected by external factors that, unfortunately, are not directly within our control. Singapore experienced severe transboundary haze episodes last year and in 1997, with the PSI going above 100 into the “unhealthy” range on three days.

Singapore will work closely with the regional countries in tackling the transboundary haze problem, so that it would not undermine our efforts to maintain good air quality in Singapore. On 14th November last year, I updated the House on the actions taken by Singapore, together with Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Thailand, to address our concerns over the serious haze episodes in October last year. I reported on the Sub-Regional Ministerial Meeting (SRMM) held among the five countries in Pekanbaru on 13th October last year. The SRMM was an idea mooted by our Prime Minister who had written to Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on 10th October 2006 to register our concern and disappointment at the recurring haze from forest fires in Indonesia.

At the SRMM, the Sub-Regional Ministerial Steering Committee (MSC) on Transboundary Haze Pollution was set up at Singapore’s suggestion. It was agreed that the MSC would meet frequently to focus attention on the haze problem. I also reported that at the First Meeting of the MSC on 9th November last year in Cebu, the Philippines, Indonesia presented its National Plan of Action (PoA) to deal with land and forest fires in Indonesia. Under its PoA, Indonesia identified 35 fire-prone areas in eight provinces, including Jambi, Riau, South Sumatra and Central Kalimantan, to deal with the fires there. Singapore offered to work with a regency in Jambi Province to enhance its capacity to prevent and mitigate land and forest fires.

Sir, I have just returned from the Second MSC Meeting on 28th February this year in Brunei Darussalam. Allow me to update the House on the developments.

Sir, Indonesia had committed to reduce the number of hotspots by 50% in 2007 as compared to 2006. This is indeed commendable. Indonesia had also budgeted Rp 700 billion (S$110 million) a year to implement its PoA to tackle land and forest fires. I see Mr Chong nodding. You will recall that Singapore had at the First MSC Meeting pledged an amount of US$50,000 to the ASEAN Haze Fund. Indonesia had likewise pledged a similar amount. At the Second MSC Meeting, both Brunei and Malaysia had also pledged that they would each contribute US$50,000 to the ASEAN Haze Fund. ASEAN has set an initial target of US$500,000 for the Haze Fund, and I hope that our pledges would spur other ASEAN member countries as well as international and regional organisations to do likewise.

In the past, the approach in tackling land and forest fires was through the national government. But this top-down approach alone is insufficient. It needs to be complemented by a bottom-up approach, if the source of the problem is to be effectively tackled. This bottom-up approach has now been addressed under Indonesia’s PoA. The focus is now on fire prevention and mitigation at the local government level. In response to the call from Indonesia for ASEAN member countries to collaborate with a fireprone province, Singapore had offered to work with a regency in the Jambi Province to enhance its capacity to prevent and mitigate land and forest fires. Indonesia had welcomed our offer.

Since then, the NEA has sent a team of officers to Jambi on a fact-finding mission on 8th to 10th January this year. The objective is to have a better understanding and appreciation of the ground conditions, existing resources available, and other local dynamics. I am pleased to note that the Jambi Governor, Pak Zulkifli, is himself personally involved in this project. We have since worked closely with the Indonesian Ministry of Environment (KLH) and the Jambi Provincial Government, and developed a Framework for a Master Plan to prevent and mitigate land and forest fires in the Muaro Jambi Regency.

12.45 pm

Based on the Framework, Jambi, KLH and my officers will jointly develop a Master Plan for Muaro Jambi Regency in Singapore this month. The Master Plan will comprise the following five elements, namely, fire prevention; fire suppression; legislation and enforcement; early warning and monitoring; and, finally, regional and international collaboration. Projects and programmes will be developed for each of the five elements. But the key focus is on fire prevention.

Sir, the Master Plan for Muaro Jambi Regency will be aligned with Indonesia’s national PoA. More importantly, the Jambi Provincial Government will own the Master Plan. If successfully implemented in Jambi, the Master Plan can serve as a model for other fire-prone districts in Indonesia.

At the 2nd MSC Meeting, Malaysia indicated that it would be assisting in the implementation of Indonesia’s PoA by undertaking a number of projects, including working with plantation companies to implement zero burning practices and other preventive measures. Malaysia also liked the Jambi-Singapore collaboration model and wanted to know more about it. Hence, I have invited Malaysian officials to join my officers when we develop the Master Plan jointly with Jambi and KLH officials.

Besides available expertise and resources in dealing with fire prevention and mitigation within ASEAN, there are expertise and resources outside this region. These could come from international and regional organisations, NGOs, civil societies and ASEAN dialogue partners. We should not be shy to tap these expertise and resources and we will do so for the Jambi-Singapore collaboration.

The inaugural MSC Meeting in Cebu agreed that Indonesia would organise an International Conference to request for assistance and funding support. Indonesia did so with the High-Level International Conference on Haze held in Jakarta on 22nd February this year.

Several international and regional organisations and NGOs supported Indonesia's PoA at the Conference. They also pledged to provide technical and financial assistance to Indonesia in the implementation of the PoA. Jambi and ourselves also presented the Jambi-Singapore collaboration project at the Conference. The Asian Development Bank (ADB), in particular, announced its readiness to provide technical expertise and funding for some projects under the Jambi Master Plan.

Sir, I would like to inform the House that the regional smoke haze problem can only be effectively addressed by sustained efforts and strong political will from Indonesia. We hope that Indonesia will heed the calls of ASEAN member countries for Indonesia to ratify the ASEAN Haze Agreement as soon as possible. On our part, Singapore will continue to render assistance to Indonesia to implement its PoA. We hope that other ASEAN countries, international and regional organisations, and NGOs will also play a role to help Indonesia on this regional issue which has global implications.

At the 2nd MSC Meeting in Brunei, Indonesia informed that their Ministers of Environment, Forestry and Agriculture are scheduled to meet again with timber processing estate, logging and plantation companies to develop a comprehensive strategy, and also seek their cooperation in preventing and suppressing fires in the next dry season. This is a positive development and should be continued to ensure that sustainable plantation practices are conducted on the ground. Mr Chong has asked whether we know of any Singaporean company involved. We do not know, Sir, but we have always told our Indonesian colleagues that if they are caught, they should be dealt with according to the law of the land.

Sir, the land and forest fires will not go away immediately, nor will the haze affecting Singapore and the region. Indonesia will need to sustain the momentum generated and follow through with concrete action programmes on the ground. We should be prepared for a long-haul and this would require political determination, resources and collaboration with other stakeholders. But, Sir, I am confident that we are on the right track towards ameliorating the haze problem in the region.

The other issues raised by other Members on resource conservation, the 3P engagement efforts, cuts on water, waste management and environmental responsibility - I will deal with them later. Now, allow my colleague, Dr Amy Khor to update the House on our efforts to tackle the littering problem.

The Senior Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Environment and Water Resources (Dr Amy Khor Lean Suan): Sir, our first anti-littering campaign was the "Keep Singapore Clean" public education campaign in 1968. Since then, we have come a long way to achieve high standards of public health and a quality living environment. But littering remains a key challenge today, especially in the heartlands, as noted by Members, Mr Liang Eng Hwa, Mr Charles Chong and Mr Masagos. If left unchecked, the littering problem will seriously tarnish Singapore’s reputation as a clean city and degrade our quality of life.

We have recently completed a survey on littering behaviour. The survey showed that those who litter tend to be males below 30 years of age. Commonly littered items include cigarette butts, tissue papers and plastic wrappers. I see some smiles on my female fellow parliamentary colleagues. The survey results also showed that only a small minority, about 5% of the people, think that littering is a socially acceptable behaviour.

The way to keep our environment "litter-free", however, should not be to employ an ever-increasing army of cleaners to clean up after the people who litter, as has been alluded again by Mr Chong, Mr Masagos Zulkifli and Mr Liang Eng Hwa. Instead, Singaporeans, in particular our youths, need to have a greater sense of ownership and care of the environment and refrain from littering. My Ministry believes that environmental ownership can be strengthened further. NEA has therefore been working closely with the community to encourage residents, young people in particular, to participate in initiatives towards a cleaner and healthier environment.

For instance, NEA has worked with the Central CDC on an initiative for students called "Youth Environmental Guardians". Under the initiative, members are to undertake projects such as "Adopt-a-Neighbourhood" to improve the public health standards of the estate they choose to adopt. Another initiative, supported by NEA, is that by the North-East CDC termed "SCAN" - Schools and Community Anti-littering Network, which encourages schools and Residents’ Committees to adopt and improve cleanliness of littered areas within the GRC.

To address the littering problem involving youths, which include those aged 35 and below, we have also recently formed a Committee on Youths for Clean and Sustainable Environment. This consists of representatives from the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports, People’s Association Youth Movement, Singapore Environment Council, National Youth Council and educational institutions, to jointly develop strategies and educational programmes targeted at our youths.

At the same time, NEA has intensified enforcement action against litterbugs by carrying out more inspections at public places which are frequently littered. NEA will also continue to enforce the Corrective Work Order (CWO) against recalcitrant litterbugs and those who commit serious littering offences.

Students below the age of 18 who are caught littering will continue to be referred to their schools for counselling, to give them a chance to mend their ways. We hope that the various measures would bring about positive changes in mindset and behaviour among the litterbugs, while we continue to ensure a balance between educational efforts and enforcement.

As Ms Indranee Rajah has mentioned in this House, in order to have a "first-class" living environment, Singaporeans must cultivate "first-class" habits to match, and creating "waterworks" in lifts is definitely not. As responsible members of our society, we should maintain the cleanliness of public places as we do for our homes. I could not agree more with Mrs Josephine Teo that we should take active steps to improve on the cleanliness and hygiene of public facilities, such as public toilets so that they look and smell okay.

Many would agree that we have come a long way from having night soil collectors - I wonder how many know about this or remember this - to having themed toilets like those in large shopping malls and our parks.

However, having better hardware only forms part of the equation. It is just as important to focus on the "software" aspects of keeping public toilets clean. NEA therefore actively engages the community to promote good toilet behaviour through various community campaigns and projects. Such projects include the "My Coffeeshop Shines Programme @ South West" and the "Clean, Dry & Sparkling Toilets @ Yuhua" in which the grassroots and the community work with coffeeshop operators and cleaners to improve the hygiene and cleanliness of coffeeshop toilets.

Cleaners also play an important role in the upkeeping and maintenance of public toilets. We therefore encourage toilet cleaners to undertake training and skills upgrading under the National Skills Recognition Scheme (NSRS), so that they can perform their tasks more efficiently and effectively. Outstanding toilet cleaners who show a high level of service performance and dedication to their jobs are also recognised through awards presented at the annual "Clean and Green" Week.

NEA also partners the Restroom Association of Singapore (RAS) in implementing the Happy Toilet Programme to recognise the efforts put in by owners of public toilets in improving their cleanliness standards. Participation in this rating programme is voluntary and we are very happy to see that some 400 toilets from commercial buildings, schools, hawker centres and petrol kiosks have participated in this programme which includes the design of toilets and not just the cleaning aspect, since its implementation in 2003.

I would like to assure Members of the House that my Ministry is committed to sustaining a high standard of public cleanliness for the benefit of all. However, we need the cooperation of the community to do their part to keep our public areas clean as well, and not take clean public places and cleaners for granted. And I do agree with Mrs Josephine Teo that for a first-class city, you need not just have first-class cleaners but also, I would like to add, a first-class community with first-class toilet habits.

Dengue Prevention

Dr Teo Ho Pin (Bukit Panjang): Sir, I would like the Ministry to continue to partner and co-fund the dedicated mosquito control programme with all Town Councils to prevent dengue outbreak. Sir, dengue outbreak is a public health problem. It is under the responsibility of the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources.

In 2005, there was a dengue outbreak in Singapore, and dengue fever cases went up to 14,209 cases. In that year, NEA called for an all out war against the Aedes mosquitoes which cause dengue fever. As such, NEA approached the Town Councils for help to fight the dengue outbreak.

Sir, as responsible corporate citizens, the 14 PAP Town Councils agreed to allocate more resources to partner NEA in its fight against dengue. A series of dengue prevention and elimination efforts were implemented jointly by the NEA and 14 PAP Town Councils. These included carpet combing of more than 8,000 blocks of HDB flats, stepping up routine maintenance inspections and chemical control, appointment of pest control operators for the dedicated mosquito control programme, and the appointment of estate environmental officers. The joint programme which amounted to $6.7 million was co-funded by the 14 PAP Town Councils and NEA.

Sir, the dengue prevention efforts of the 14 PAP Town Councils and NEA have brought the dengue situation under control. In 2006, the number of cases dropped from 14,209 to 3,126. Sir, although the dengue prevention programme is effective, the implementation of a dedicated mosquito control programme is costly, and imposes financial constraints on the Town Councils. In 2006, the NEA decided not to co-fund this programme and, instead, set up an enforcement regime to penalise Town Councils if mosquito breeding grounds were found.

Sir, I feel that the NEA is unfair to the Town Councils, ie, to its partners. First, dengue outbreak is a public health issue which NEA must take responsibility to address. Second, many mosquito breeding grounds are due to littering of receptacles by the general public. Sir, littering comes under the purview of the NEA. If NEA has been effective in educating the public and its enforcement action, there will be no litter for mosquitoes to breed. Maybe NEA should organise a "Big Sweep Day" and better understand littering problem. Third, the PAP Town Councils have acted in good faith of the partnership, and have already awarded the contract to the pest control operators amounting to $7.7 million.

Sir, dengue prevention is a big task. I hope the Ministry will not give the 14 PAP Town Councils a small mosquito fund to perform the task. The cost of the programme is $7.7 million.

Mdm Cynthia Phua (Aljunied): Mr Chairman, Sir, I strongly support Dr Teo Ho Pin's call for dengue prevention and the share of the cost of Town Councils. I would like to urge the Ministry to look into the cost as, presently, it is as high as $1 for one residential unit per month. And this is just to add 20 inspectors to comb through the Aljunied Estate within the cycle of seven days.

In addition, bolder efforts to make the community aware of the status of dengue outbreak cases and the call for community help are critical.

1.00 pm

I give an example. Just before the Lunar New Year, there was an outbreak of dengue cases in Defu Industrial Estate. As advisor, I was informed and, together with merchant association members as well as our grassroots leaders, inspections were made. However, we found that most of the drains were inside the premises. The only way to inform the community at the industrial estate, ie, the workers, the tenants and the owners, is through big banners. We flooded the estate with about 20 big 12 feet by 12 feet red banners stating, "Dengue Fever Red Alert" at minor and major road junctions, calling for cooperation to inspect their own premises.

I am pleased to note that for the past 10 days, I have not received any SMS on any fresh dengue fever case. For the reduction in dengue fever cases, the many-hands approach must be sought, and the community must readily be informed of the status of the dengue cases if there is an outbreak.

The Aljunied Town Council will adopt the colour coded banners - white, orange and red - to indicate the level of dengue cases in our estates. I would urge the NEA to do so rather than a small white banner that NEA officers are putting up. In addition, can the Ministry let us know its key strategies in keeping the dengue fever at bay in Singapore? Is the Ministry expecting a spike in dengue cases, as what had happened in 2005, over the next few years? Is it a cycle or just a one-off situation?

Dengue Vector Control

Dr Lim Wee Kiak: Mr Chairman, Sir, you can rest assured that I am not asking for more money for the Town Council, but I am asking for more money to support research in terms of dengue.

Dengue will remain endemic in South East Asia for many years to come. Much as we hope that it will go away, I do not think it will. In 2005, we witnessed one of the largest outbreaks we had with over 14,000 cases. Thanks to the efforts of all the agencies, including NEA, CDCs, Town Councils, grassroots volunteers, we overcame the problem and dengue cases decreased to 3,126 cases in 2006.

However, we remain susceptible to dengue epidemics. There is a group of unsung heroes that I must say we have to acknowledge in this House. These are the men and women who work in the Environmental Health Institute (EHI). The EHI actually does research on vector as well as dengue virus, and maintains a very strict surveillance on mosquito population controls in various parts of the island.

The EHI embarks on research on mosquito breeding habits as well as on the effectiveness of commercial insecticides or pesticides for mosquito control. As a result, they actually recommend to the Town Council's pest control what are the insecticides or pesticides to use.

We understand that for dengue, it is a cyclical thing. In the 1980s, dengue actually hit Singapore once in a six-year cycle. And there are various serotypes in terms of dengue. There are four serotypes. In 1992, it was serotype 3; in 1998, it was serotype 2; and in the recent 2005, it was serotype 1. As a result, monitoring of serotype subtypes as well as monitoring of the shift itself may actually predict the risk of an epidemic early.

I would like to compliment the efforts of the staff there who are working very hard as well as their dedication in our fight against dengue fever. However, their efforts cannot be alone. It is more useful for the EHI to work in collaboration with centres in our neighbouring countries now and provide us with a radar screen of the dengue subtypes, serotype shifts as well as the vector distribution in South East Asia, and that will provide us with an advance warning system of the change in viral serotypes before it actually hits our shores.

I would like to ask the Minister what form of regional collaboration efforts have the EHI established and whether a cooperative agreement with our immediate neighbours is in the pipeline, so that we can actually better protect ourselves rather than just giving funds to Town Councils to help them.

Dengue

Dr Lam Pin Min (Ang Mo Kio): Sir, the global burden of dengue has increased dramatically in recent decades and is currently classified as a re-emerging infectious disease by the WHO. Dengue is known to be endemic in approximately 100 countries with more than 2.5 billion people at risk. The major disease burden is found in South East Asia and the Western Pacific with increasing reporting of the dengue infection in the Americas.

Annually, it is estimated that about 50 to 100 million dengue infections occur world wide. The number of cases reported in Singapore has recorded an all time high in 2005. It was to be the worst dengue epidemic ever experienced in Singapore's history that eventually claimed 19 lives and resulted in over 12,000 cases by the time it tapered off in October 2005.

The number of mortality and the prolonged down time from the illness may pose significant strain on the healthcare system, as evidenced by the postponement of many elective surgeries due to shortages of hospital beds during its peak in 2005. Thus, it appears reasonable and paramount that dengue vaccine research and development should be a national as well as a global health priority.

I would like to ask the Minister for the potential economic cost of this disease annually, as well as an update on his effort in tackling dengue infection in Singapore, and whether there are any plans to develop a dengue vaccine and to eradicate this disease from Singapore totally, just like we had eradicated malaria and poliomyelitis.

Smoking Ban

Mr Charles Chong: Sir, the smoking ban was extended to coffee shops and hawker centres last year. However, such establishment can still have designated smoking areas. Could the Minister provide an update on the enforcement of this new regulation? Are there sufficient officers deployed to enforce the ban? Are all the designated smoking areas suitable locations, such that non-smokers are not required to inhale second-hand smoke?

The Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for National Development (Dr Mohamad Maliki Bin Osman): Sir, the effects of smoking, whether one is an active or passive smoker, have been well documented and articulated. We have taken very proactive measures in protecting the non-smoking public who are often at risk as passive smokers.

The ban on smoking in public places has been in place for several months now. However, since the ban took effect, we have seen reports or public complaints that the ban has not been well enforced, especially at coffee shop spaces in public housing estates. I would like to ask the Minister on his assessment of how well the ban has been enforced, and what further measures the Ministry will take to ensure that the intent of the ban is achieved.

MEWR has also announced that the ban will be extended to pubs with effect from 1st July 2007. This comes as a surprise to many clubbers who see smoking as synonymous to pubs and nightlife. I would like to ask the Minister what is the effectiveness of the current programme of banning smoking in public places. Are we seeing a reduction in the number of smokers, especially new smokers?

Sir, I would also like to ask the Minister whether his Ministry conducts systematic evaluation research on the profile of smokers who are not adhering to the smoking ban in such public places, to enable a more targeted approach at reaching out to these smokers.

In relation to the new ban in pubs, I would like to ask the Minister whether this move would affect the nightlife scene as well as Singapore as a tourist destination. How does Singapore compare with other major cities in the world with regard to such ban? Can the Minister also elaborate on what are the key performance indicators of the smoking ban initiative? Does his Ministry have a target on the proportion of smoke-free space that we would like to see Singapore have and, if so, to be reached by when?

Lastly, we have seen gory pictures of the effects of smoking on cigarette packets for smokers. Can we have a public education campaign on the effects of passive smoking? Because I think only then will the public be more appreciative of the need for such smoking ban in public places.

Mr Liang Eng Hwa: Sir, the smoking ban in entertainment outlets will soon come into effect on 1st July this year. I support this ban and applaud the Ministry for stepping on with the tough measures to protect the well-being of non-smokers. I would like to ask the Ministry how it intends to enforce the ban - whether it is going to be the same light approach that we have seen so far for the smoking ban in public areas. Are the entertainment outlets ready and prepared for this ban, and would there be any impact on our tourism business?

Secondly, may I suggest to the Ministry to consider extending smoking ban to public areas that are near facilities used by children such as kindergartens and playgrounds?

Thirdly, I see a disturbing trend of increasing numbers of young smokers seen in public areas along Orchard Road, in our neighbourhood shopping malls and so on. Does the Ministry have an estimated number of smokers by the various age group and the profile of a typical offender caught for smoking in non-smoking areas?

I would like to suggest that the Ministry be more targeted in the enforcement of the ban with higher emphasis in locations more frequented by the young, eg, near campuses, recreational areas and sports facilities.

Lastly, would the Ministry consider banning smoking in all public areas, like what Hong Kong and France have done?

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, I will update first on the smoking ban. Mr Charles Chong, Mr Liang Eng Hwa and Dr Maliki have asked about the effectiveness of the smoking ban. To protect the general public against the harmful effects of second-hand tobacco smoke, we extended the smoking ban to coffee shops and hawker centres in July last year and, as rightly noted, we will be extending it to entertainment outlets on 1st July this year.

We are happy to see that most of the food shop operators and smokers abide by the ban. There, however, remains a small minority of smokers who flout the ban, and some operators who fail to enforce the ban within their premises. We take a serious
view of such violations. Since the implementation of the ban in July last year, 1,057 smokers and 205 food shop operators have been fined for infringing the rules under the smoking ban.

NEA will continue to carry out enforcement action through its environmental health officers and through a private operator whom it has engaged to supplement its enforcement efforts.

For the impending smoking ban on entertainment outlets this year, operators have a lead time of two years to prepare for the ban. So it is not a surprise, as noted by Dr Maliki. NEA has also been liaising closely with the operators to help prepare them for smooth implementation of the ban. We do not think that the smoking ban in entertainment outlets will impede Singapore’s effort to become a tourist destination.

Indeed, Singapore was one of the first few countries to ban smoking in public places. Many countries and cities have since recognised that second-hand smoke is a serious health hazard, and are moving quickly towards becoming smoke-free societies,
banning smoking in pubs, bars, restaurants and other workplaces. Even the French are moving in that direction.

Over the years, we have successfully extended the smoking ban to cover more than 30 types of premises and public places. This is achieved through cooperation from businesses and members of the public, especially from the premises owners and trade operators. The smoking ban regime gives due consideration to the need to balance the interests of non-smokers, smokers and
businesses.

Sir, over the years, the ban has also helped bring down the proportion of smokers in the population. The prevalence of daily
cigarette smoking among adults declined from 18% in 1992 to 15% in 1998, and further dropped to less than 13% in 2004.

Dr Maliki asked whether we have a target. Yes, we wish all Singaporeans to be non-smokers. But let us be realistic. I think we will have to continue to find ways to provide places for people who want to smoke without compromising the health of non-smokers.

We will continue to monitor the effectiveness of the smoking ban before we decide whether to further tighten the ban and to
extend it to more public areas. The Government will continue to do what is necessary to protect the public from the harmful effect of second-hand tobacco smoke.

Sir, Mr Liang Eng Hwa has asked for some details on the data. I do not have it with me here, but I will be more than happy to provide this after the debate.

I will now leave it to my colleague, Dr Amy Khor, to take the more biting cuts on dengue.

Dr Amy Khor Lean Suan: Sir, through the combined efforts of grassroots, volunteers, residents, Town Councils, CDCs and other stakeholders, we have succeeded in keeping dengue fever under control. Here, I would like to reiterate again - if it is still not clear from Dr Teo Ho Pin's earlier comments - the good work of the Town Councils in helping us in the fight against dengue.

In 2006, there were slightly more than 3,000 dengue cases in Singapore, significantly lower than the 14,209 cases for 2005, or about one-fifth of the cases for 2005, and the lowest since 2002. This is despite a continued rise and spread of dengue cases in the region. WHO has also reported an increasing trend in dengue incidence worldwide, from about 293,000 per year in 1980-1989, to about 780,000 per year in 2000-2005.

Currently, there is no vaccine against the virus. So it would be difficult for us to totally eradicate dengue from Singapore or the region. What we have done is to put in place a rigorous dengue control regime to maintain a low incidence of dengue and to minimise the likelihood and impact of dengue outbreaks. We do this through a four-pronged approach of surveillance checks, public outreach, enforcement and research.

1.15 pm

Since the dengue outbreak in 2005, NEA has doubled the number of vector control officers to 500. These officers carry out regular surveillance checks islandwide to systematically uncover and destroy mosquito breeding habitats - search and destroy. Through an Inter-Agency Dengue Task Force, NEA also leads other Government agencies to similarly enhance their mosquito control programmes so as to remove all possible mosquito breeding sites.

On top of regular surveillance checks, NEA and the other land agencies carry out additional combing checks or "intensive source reduction exercises" (ISREs) to further suppress the mosquito population ahead of anticipated warm months. Two successful ISREs were carried out in April to May and in July to September last year. They pre-empted the increase in dengue cases that traditionally happened during the warmer months of June to September. NEA will be carrying out similar exercises this year. My Ministry greatly appreciates the commitment and ownership shown by the various land agencies towards this collective effort.

As more than 80% of our population stay in HDB flats, strict mosquito control in HDB estates is very important. Town Councils, which are responsible for the general upkeep and maintenance of the HDB housing estates, have the responsibility to keep mosquito breeding at bay within the common areas under their purview.

Since September 2005, NEA has helped the Town Councils put in place dedicated mosquito control programmes in their estates by providing technical advice and seed funding to kick-start these programmes. Results have been very encouraging. Aedes breeding in TC-maintained areas for 2006 has reduced by 60% compared to 2005, despite 30% more inspections carried out by NEA in the same period. The number of dengue cases for 2006 in estates maintained by Town Councils is also 83% lower than in 2005. Dr Teo Ho Pin and Mdm Cynthia Phua have asked whether my Ministry will provide funding to Town Councils for their dengue prevention programmes.

The good efforts put in by the Town Councils on mosquito control in their estates have contributed significantly to our ability to continue to suppress mosquito population. We hope that the Town Councils will continue to keep up the good work. I am therefore pleased to inform the House that my Ministry is introducing an incentive scheme for Town Councils to recognise Town Councils for their efforts in mosquito control and to spur them to further reduce mosquito breeding in their estates to even lower levels. The scheme will provide some co-funding of Town Councils' mosquito control contracts, taking into consideration their performance in minimising the number of mosquito breeding sites. My Ministry will offer this scheme to Town Councils for a period of two years to facilitate Town Councils to further develop their capacity and enhance their expertise in mosquito control.

To engage the community in our fight against dengue, NEA makes use of both multi-media advertising ("broadcast") and target-group outreach programmes. We also work with grassroots to notify residents to be vigilant when a cluster of dengue cases occur in their neighbourhood, eg, through dengue alert banners, such as those referred by Mdm Cynthia Phua. I would like to clarify at this juncture that these banners can be customised according to how the grassroots feel the information can be better communicated, whether it is in terms of larger size, larger fonts or more colourful banners. We have seen encouraging results through these efforts. The number of breeding found in homes in 2006 is 44% lower than in 2005, despite 59% more inspections by NEA in 2006.

A survey in 2006 has shown that the level of awareness for dengue among the general public is high. NEA will continue to improve its public outreach efforts to bring about greater awareness and to make the practice of keeping homes mosquito-free a way of life among members of our community.

In 2006, NEA had taken enforcement actions against 617 construction sites, 2,173 domestic premises and 1,525 non-domestic premises, such as factories and shophouses, for mosquito breeding offences. NEA will continue with its regular audit checks and will take enforcement action against members of the public, land agencies alike, including Town Councils, for mosquito breeding offences.

We recognise that research into the behaviour of the Aedes mosquito and dengue virus is key in formulating appropriate, preventive and control strategies, as alluded to by Dr Lim Wee Kiak. The Environmental Health Institute (EHI) under the NEA was therefore established in 2002 to develop capability in vector research.

EHI has successfully piloted the use of ovitraps to monitor the level of mosquito activities in dengue-prone areas. Our researchers have also developed an in-house test that allows earlier detection of dengue cases and determination of the infecting serotype. Early detection of dengue cases will enable control measures to be put in place quickly, to curb further spread of the disease among the population. The test has been made available to hospitals and GPs.

EHI also actively collaborates with partners in both the private and public sectors in its research efforts. For instance, EHI invites GPs in the vicinity of dengue clusters to send blood samples of suspected dengue patients to EHI for testing and confirmation of dengue. This helps improve the detection of new cases and determines the dengue serotype. Monitoring the virus serotype of dengue cases is important as the emergence of a different dengue serotype can result in a surge of dengue cases amongst the population without immunity to the serotype.

Singapore remains at risk, as we are located in a region endemic to dengue. As pointed out by Dr Lim, what we can and should do further is to contribute towards enhancing the region's overall capability in understanding and tackling the dengue problem. We can do so through promoting greater exchange of information, knowledge and expertise among countries in the region.

I am pleased to inform the House that Singapore's approach to dealing with dengue, focusing on vector control, has been held up by the World Health Organisation as an example for others. Singapore supports the Strategic Framework for Asia-Pacific Dengue Partnership that the WHO is putting in place to help countries in the Asia-Pacific region build national capacity to prevent and control the disease. Singapore will continue to contribute to the partnership effort by sharing our experience in dengue prevention, to help other WHO member countries in the region fight against the disease. This includes partnering the WHO to provide training in vector control practices and sharing our knowledge in laboratory-based dengue surveillance. Through these efforts, Singapore aims to become the regional centre of excellence for dengue research.

Dr Lam Pin Min has asked about the potential economic cost of dengue to Singapore. Without a doubt, dengue, if left unchecked, can impose tremendous economic burden on our country, although thus far there has not been any comprehensive study on the economic cause of dengue to a nation.

In conclusion, I would like to urge every member of the community to play their part to keep dengue at bay, for dengue control is the shared responsibility of every member of the community.

Water for All

Dr Muhammad Faishal Ibrahim (Marine Parade): Sir, I would like to applaud the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources on the recent launch of the ABC Water Programme. I am excited and am looking forward to the transformation of Singapore's hydro-landscape to be integrated into our heartlands and HDB estates. This would also be aligned to the Prime Minister's call to remake Singapore into a vibrant global city of gardens and waters.

I have met many Singaporeans who are equally pleased about this programme and they certainly look forward towards its realisation. As such, as a citizen, I would like to call upon all Singaporeans from all walks of life to support and take ownership of the ABC Water Programme. May I ask the Minister on how the programme would enhance the quality of life of Singaporeans from the various segments of the society. I would also like to ask the Minister on the measures that are in place to discourage people from littering and polluting the water bodies in Singapore and how successful has been these measures. What other measures are being planned to reach out to Singaporeans to keep our reservoirs, canals and rivers clean, and realise the objectives of the ABC Water Programme?

Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Waters Programme

Dr Lim Wee Kiak: Mr Chairman, Sir, I am equally excited as our hon. Member, Dr Faishal, on hearing about the Active, Beautiful and Clean Water Programme by the Ministry, but, at the same time, I am also deeply concerned. Finally, our children can enjoy what we did 30 years ago - playing and fishing in the streams and the ponds. The programme will render our waterways as well as water bodies functional again and provide more water-based recreational activities. Opening up our waterways will also enhance our environment. The blue will certainly complement the green.

I have a short story to tell. My best friend was an Indian boy by the name of Raja. I used to go out with him to fish, especially during the December holidays. That was from Primary One to Primary Four and I remember, in 1978, we went fishing just before Christmas at a pond and we had great times together. When school reopened in January 1979, he did not turn up for class. I was very sad on the first day of school to hear from my teacher that Raja attended a Christmas party and on the way back, there was a huge thunderstorm and he fell into a stream, and his body was found three days later, on his birthday. That was December 1978, and that particular December recorded the highest rainfall compared to the one that we just had recently.

According to the Life Saving Society Annual Report 2005, there were 39 deaths by drowning in 2005, and the breakdown of cases was as follows: two in reservoirs; two in canals; three in rivers; 20 by the sea or by the shore; and three in swimming pools, and nine unspecified because they died in hospital, but they were classified as drowning.

Opening up our waterways and water bodies will certainly enhance our living environment, but, at the same time, it will also increase the risk of water-related mishaps. I do not wish to see more losing their best friends through drowning. I do certainly hope that the Ministry will place more emphasis on ensuring public safety as we embark on this very exciting ABC programme.

Mr Chairman, I am also deeply concerned about the safety of our water. I would like to ask the Minister what safety measures are in place today to ensure water safety at the inland water bodies. Will the Ministry step up these safety measures or introduce more safety measures in the near future as we roll out the ABC Waters Programme? At the same time, what measures are in place to ensure the safety of our precious inland water resources from contamination, both intentional, ie, act of terrorism, as well as unintentional, due to over-recreational use of our activities?

Water Policy

Mdm Cynthia Phua: Mr Chairman, Sir, this plan to open up our water bodies is a brilliant move as this allows another of our limited resources to be used creatively and to enhance our living environment and living standards.

I would like to congratulate PUB for the introduction of the ABC Waters Programme. While work is being done to allow accessibility to our water bodies, education and awareness programmes must step up to teach our children and adults alike, to keep our water bodies clean while using them.

We must step up the ownership programme and allow our children to be protective over our environment. We must encourage each citizen to stand up and take on the responsibility that these water bodies belong to each and every one of us living in this beautiful island, and if anyone litters and causes harm to our water bodies, we must speak up. However, it is always very delicate to deliver this message directly to the culprit. Efforts must be made to teach our children this responsibility and the approach. Once our children are able to understand and take on these roles, I am convinced that our adults will not want to be left behind.

My main concern is the timing. Once the water bodies are opened up and the people and the water relationships have not been built up and become "steady lovers", then there will definitely be additional cost to be borne by the citizens to realise this programme. Bold and collaborative efforts must be made to ensure that our water bodies are always clean and beautiful.

Despite the four taps, our water resources continue to be limited. Will the Ministry ensure that we will continue to have sufficient water at an affordable price to meet the demands of our people,

industries and businesses? What is the state of protection level of our two new sources of supply, that is, the NEWater and also the desalinated water? Presently, our water tariff does not encourage large families as the tariff is higher for those consuming 41 cubic metres and above per month. Although this works to encourage conservation of water and minimise wastage, large families require this additional amount of water out of necessity. My question then is whether the Ministry plans to review the current tariff rate to accommodate the needs of large families.

1.30 pm

NEWater is one wonder as a result of research and development. There are many new technologies developing on the use of technology and in the management of our environment that we invest in, for example, the use of solar energy.

Singapore is a sunny island. However, the application of solar energy is minimum. The other area is in the management of waste, for example, food waste. Presently, the disposal of food waste is very unhygienic in our markets and hawker centres. One final area of concern is that the airconditioned environment in our buildings is too cold. What is the Ministry's strategy on R&D on the use of energy and environmental management? Are more resources being put into this area? Is there any promising collaboration or emerging trend in this area?

Mr Masagos Zulkifli B M M: Sir, I congratulate the Ministry for developing a comprehensive and sound water strategy for Singapore. The four taps strategy, namely, the local catchment, imported water, desalinated water and reclaimed water, has put us on the map as a country and a city that many others are studying in managing potable water management. More so because Singapore itself has no natural rivers or lakes to tap on. In fact, it is no easy challenge to store all this water and yet balance the need to keep our urban habitat as flood-free as possible during storms.

My questions for the Ministry are: is the projected volume of imported and reclaimed or processed water sufficient over the future horizon and consistent with and sustainable to a city planned for 6.5 million people with all its drinking and hygiene needs as well as supporting industry and economic activity? How are we, in terms of water usage or consumption per capita, when compared to other urban areas in the world of comparable affluence and does this reflect a consciousness of water as a valuable resource? How prevalent is the use of water-saving devices in our taps at home and in the offices? Will the Ministry consider water-efficiency rating labels for appliances like washing machine and dish washing machine?

Water Pricing

Mr Charles Chong: Sir, the issue of water is one that is very important to Singapore. If we were to rely solely on local catchment sources, we would not have enough water to satisfy the demands of homes and industries. So to encourage Singaporeans to conserve water, we have a well-established system of staggered pricing as well as a water conservation tax.

In recent years, we have developed NEWater and have undertaken investments to provide long-term sustainable solutions to our water needs, such as new reservoir schemes and the deep tunnel sewerage system. Could the Minister please explain if these developments would have an impact on the way we manage the demand for water through pricing? Is there a need to review the pricing policy that was formulated under different circumstances?

Flood Prevention and Control

Ms Lee Bee Wah (Ang Mo Kio): Sir, I would like to raise the problem of heavy flooding during the recent monsoon season. As a result of the flood, traffic had to be diverted and it resulted in congestion. So everyone, from workers to school-going children, was affected. After the flood occurred, the Ministry went into action, but it was a case of too little, too late. Businesses suffered losses but, fortunately, no life was lost.

Then we started to talk about the flood meters that have been put in place, waiting to warn residents and shopkeepers of the rising water level. But apparently, it did not work when the flood hit the nurseries at Thomson Road. We certainly need to be more proactive and not reactive. The flood left a lot of question marks. What was the economic loss? Is our current drainage system sufficient? Any research done to look for better alternatives for monitoring flood? Can we prevent the flood in a more efficient manner and reduce damage to a minimum?

As I understand it, the PUB is already putting their flood alleviation projects on a fast track. My question is: why only now on fast track? Besides this, are there any other measures that the Ministry is taking to prevent similar flood from occurring? I can only stress that these works be done faster and research on improvement of flood meters and other necessary equipment be emphasised on.

Water Tanks

Mr Ang Mong Seng (Hong Kah): (In Mandarin ): [For vernacular speech, please refer to Appendix A.] Mr Speaker, Sir, currently, water tanks are installed on the building's rooftop for all existing buildings exceeding five storeys in Singapore. It serves the purpose of supplying water to residents for major water uses. On a recent trip to Dalian, China, involving a real estate development project, I discovered that China has abolished the installation of rooftop water tanks. Instead, they have water pipes to channel water to each individual household up to 18-storeys. Such a system is currently not available in Singapore. With science and technology advancing so quickly, I would like to ask the Minister whether it is possible to consider abolishing the rooftop water tank system in Singapore.

The cost benefits of abolishing rooftop water tanks are clear: lower construction costs and a simplified water-pipe system. Most importantly, it is for the prevention of terrorist attacks. The greatest security threat that the world faces today is terrorism. Terrorism is anywhere and everywhere. Currently, as a precautionary measure, the Town Councils have installed quality security locks at the rooftop water tanks, to ensure that supply of water is kept safe. As we do not want to take any chances, even one in a million chance is unacceptable, it is thus important that we safeguard our water tanks to prevent possible water contamination from terrorist attacks.

In this regard, I would like to ask the Minister whether the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources has any precautionary and preventive measures to safeguard all our water tanks, so as to ensure that our water supply is safe and clean.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, I would like to thank all Members who raised a very important issue for all Singaporeans, which is water. First, Mr Masagos and Mdm Cynthia Phua have asked about the measures to ensure that we have sufficient water to meet our needs, and this is also a point raised by Mr Charles Chong in his opening speech.

As the national water agency, PUB manages Singapore’s water resources in an integrated and holistic manner. Besides curbing water demand through water conservation practices, PUB manages the entire water loop by optimising our precious and limited resources to produce, treat, supply and recycle water to meet Singapore’s needs.

With the introduction of desalinated water in September 2005 as one of the pillars of Singapore’s water supply, the Four National Taps strategy is now in place. This will ensure a diversified and sustainable supply of water for Singapore.

Local water catchment is one of the Four National Taps, and PUB has been optimising our resources to increase the amount of water we can tap locally. We now have 14 reservoirs. Work on the Marina Reservoir is progressing very well. We have also started the construction of another two new reservoirs at Punggol and Serangoon last September. We will have 17 reservoirs when the three new reservoirs are completed in 2009. They will store water collected from our water catchments which forms two-thirds of Singapore’s land.

A scheme to link a few of our reservoirs is also in progress. This will allow excess rainfall collected from one catchment to be transferred to a larger reservoir for storage, thus optimising the yield from our reservoirs.

NEWater is another source and has been growing from strength to strength. Currently, it meets about 7% of Singapore’s water demand. It is well subscribed by industries which need ultra-clean water. To cope with growing demand, we will expand the production capacity of two of the three NEWater factories, mainly at Bedok and Kranji. Our fourth and largest NEWater factory at Ulu Pandan will be opened on 15th March 2007 by our Prime Minister. With a capacity of 32 million gallons per day (mgd), it will boost our local water supply.

The SingSpring desalination plant is operating successfully and has become a model for seawater reverse osmosis plants, attracting overseas attention and many international visitors. So to answer the questions raised by Mr Charles Chong and Mr Masagos, we would endeavour to develop as many water resources as possible to meet the demands of Singapore in the coming years.

Sir, the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is our long-term solution to meet Singapore’s needs for used water collection, treatment and disposal. The DTSS is on track for completion next year, and will act as a superhighway for channelling used water to a centralised water reclamation plant at Changi. I am pleased to announce that the deep tunnels, the influent pumping station and the outfalls of the DTSS have been completed. The remaining major works, including the link-sewers, have also been substantially completed.

Sir, our efforts to diversify and develop our water resources will serve us well. During the last El Nino season in 1997, we relied on water from our local catchments and imported water which were dependent on rainfall. Today, we have NEWater and desalinated water, which are not affected by fluctuations in rainfall. This puts us in a stronger position to meet future challenges of potential extreme weather that might result in some drought conditions.

While we may have enough water, this is only sustainable if we use water wisely. We must proactively manage our water demand and encourage water conservation.

My Ministry recognises the importance of individual efforts at water conservation. Last year, we set a bold target of reducing our daily per capita domestic water consumption to 155 litres by 2012. We launched the 10-Litre Challenge to encourage each and every individual to reduce their daily water consumption by 10 litres. To recap, the initiatives under the 10-Litre Challenge included: (a) nurturing of Water Volunteer Groups; (b) launching of the 10-Litre Challenge website; and (c) introduction of the water efficiency labelling scheme (WELS), which Mr Masagos alluded to. Let me give an update on these initiatives.

Sir, the Water Volunteer Groups (WVG) initiative was launched in March last year to educate and spread water conservation messages to the public. The volunteers come from the People’s Association, the Community Development Councils (CDCs), grassroots organisations and even educational institutions. The initiative has received good support. To date, we have 54 WVGs in 32 constituencies with 2,090 volunteers, including 600 students. The WVGs have so far visited 4,100 households.

Another initiative is the 10-Litre Challenge website, aimed at raising awareness and showing how everyone can play a part by reducing their water consumption by 10 litres per day. To date, 80,000 visitors have visited the website.

Sir, in October last year, we launched the voluntary Water Efficiency Labelling Scheme (WELS). By providing information on the water efficiency of products, such as shower heads and washing machines, we hope to help consumers make well-informed purchasing decisions. So far, the scheme is voluntary and 150 models of water products have been certified under this scheme. PUB will monitor the response to the scheme before deciding whether to make it mandatory.

I am pleased to note that our series of water conservation initiatives has resulted in a reduction of our per capita domestic consumption from 160 litres a day in 2005 to 158 litres a day in 2006. So we are on track.

Sir, apart from our community efforts to promote good water habits and the use of water-efficient devices, Mr Charles Chong has rightly pointed out that pricing is also an important leverage in managing our water demand. So far, we have been pricing water to reflect its scarcity and the high incremental costs of additional water supplies. The Water Conservation Tax (WCT) is charged to encourage prudent use of water. As water remains a precious resource to us, the WCT remains relevant.

With the development of NEWater, we have now closed the water loop by channelling and treating used water for consumption purposes. Currently, we price potable water and used water separately. As potable water and used water are now part of the same water loop, it is timely for us to view both as a single product. We will therefore consider moving towards charging a single price, as this better reflects the holistic manner in which we manage our water resources.

We have also received feedback that the Sanitary Appliance Fee (SAF) is confusing, since having more sanitary appliances may not result in more used water being discharged. Charging on the basis of volume of water used will thus be more equitable. Currently, used water fees have two components, comprising the SAF and Waterborne Fee (WBF). We will look into restructuring the SAF and WBF into a single volumetric fee. This ties in with our idea of charging a single price for both potable water and used water.

1.45 pm

Sir, Mdm Cynthia Phua has commented that our current water tariff does not encourage large families. I would like to assure her that this is certainly not the intention of our water-pricing policy. The domestic water tariff has a two-tier structure, with the threshold between the two tiers set at 40 cubic metres per month. A higher price is charged for the second tier to discourage excessive use. Based on our current average per capita consumption of 158 litres per day, 40 cubic metres would be sufficient for large families of up to eight persons. The majority of households in Singapore consume less than 40 cubic metres monthly. Hence, we find that the 40 cubic metres is a reasonable threshold, beyond which a higher tariff applies in order to encourage water conservation.

Sir, an important aspect of our pricing reviews has always been the impact on users. We will, therefore, study carefully the effect of pricing changes to the water bills of all household types, including those with large families. We will strive to minimise the impact on households such that, on average, water users will not be worse off with the revised price structure. We are working towards introducing this revised pricing structure in 2008 and will announce the details nearer to the implementation date.

Sir, Ms Lee Bee Wah has asked what measures would be taken to prevent the future occurrence of floods. I am not comfortable with her phrase "too little too late". Over the past 30 years, we have invested $2 billion in our drainage infrastructure. We have reduced flood-prone areas from more than 3,000 hectares in the 1970s to only 127 hectares today. The flood on 19th December 2006, if you see it positively, was a good test of the efficacy of our drainage system. Despite receiving the third highest rainfall in 75 years on that day, the majority of the drainage system held up well, with some flooding in isolated pockets of Singapore.

PUB has an ongoing drainage improvement programme to reduce flood-prone areas from 127 hectares to 66 hectares by 2011. So the programme was not put in place after the flood but has always been in place. As it appears that we could see more instances of extreme weather, and this is the part where it is very difficult for us to predict, we have decided that the PUB will accelerate the drainage improvement programme. These will be completed within the next three years instead of five years as originally planned, at a total cost of about $175 million.

Sir, in addition to flood alleviation measures, we will also strengthen our early warning systems and procedures, which I agree with Ms Lee Bee Wah, to alert residents of impending floods and motorists of flood-affected areas. PUB will work with LTA and the Traffic Police to warn motorists of areas to avoid ahead of and during heavy rainfall through radio broadcasts and lighted signages. It is not possible for us to predict where the next localised flooding will occur. But we have studied the whole of Singapore and identified the potential areas and we are working aggressively to improve those areas.

Every occurrence of extreme weather is a test of our drainage system and the flood alleviation measures that PUB has put in place. In general, they have worked well. At places where they have not, and we admit, PUB will investigate and implement long-term measures, as we have done last year in Bedok North and the Commonwealth Road areas and, recently, in the Joan Road areas. While the long-term measures are underway, PUB will also put in place interim measures. The aim is to minimise and prevent recurrence in the same location.

Sir, let me now move on to the ABC Waters Programme. Dr Muhd Faishal, Mdm Cynthia Phua, and even Dr Lim alluded to it, have asked how the ABC Waters Programme will contribute to improving our quality of life. The ABC Waters Programme will make Singapore into a city of Gardens and Waters, with water as a pervasive and welcome feature in Singapore's landscape. Our drains and canals will be transformed into beautiful flowing streams and rivers leading to our reservoirs. Our ongoing reservoir schemes to dam up our rivers at Marina, Punggol and Serangoon will tie in nicely with the ABC Waters Programme, by keeping the water level in these rivers at a constant level, instead of being subject to tidal influences. This allows us to have constant flowing streams and rivers, which we can beautify and bring into our living environments, including our HDB heartlands, condominiums and schools.

ABC Waters will also bring opportunities for water activities and create new community and recreational spaces for the public's enjoyment. With the Programme, we will be able to enjoy waterfront living in the heartlands and an improved quality of life. Imagine if you are living in Bishan now. The huge canal which is empty most of the time there will be transformed into a beautiful flowing river, with landscaped banks and rivulets running inland where children can play in. These features and more will be incorporated at other estates, all aimed at getting people closer to water, a point noted so aptly by Mdm Cynthia Phua as "steady lovers". As shown in the recent ABC Waters Exhibition, 28 such projects will be carried out over the next five years. But to have clean water flowing continuously requires the concerted efforts of the Government and the public. The Government will do its part through good land use planning and by curbing litter and silt discharge into our waterways. This is important, as raw water collected in our catchments is one of the four sources of Singapore's water supply.

Our Marina Reservoir will be unique among all reservoirs in Singapore and around the world as it collects urban run-off from the highly built-up and densely populated city centre. Drinking water quality is not a concern as these contaminants can be removed by membrane technology in the water treatment process. However, the challenge is in ensuring that the aesthetic and recreational quality of the Marina Reservoir would not be adversely affected. PUB is putting in place a holistic strategy that includes both prevention of pollution at source and downstream measures. For example, to restore ageing public sewers, PUB spent about $270 million in the last 10 years and will further invest another $150 million to restore the public sewers within the Marina catchment over the next few years. This is to ensure that leaky sewers do not cause pollution to the raw water collected in our drains and canals.

In addition, PUB has also installed float-booms and drain coverings to reduce the daily load of litter and flotsam. Through a dedicated catchment surveillance team, PUB hopes to intensify checks on catchments and waterways and, at the same time, educate the public, industries and construction sites on proper housekeeping and pollution-control practices.

Sir, while our reservoirs and waterways have been opened up for more recreational activities, PUB will ensure that these activities are eco-friendly and non-pollutive. Water is a shared resource that we all need to protect and cherish. All of us have a stake in keeping our waterways and reservoirs clean. By having ABC Waters throughout Singapore, we hope to bring water closer to everyone, so that we can all bond with it, develop a better appreciation of it and be committed to keeping it clean. It is like a marriage, Sir. I urge each and every one of us to play our part by not littering and not allowing dirty or silty water from getting into the drains, so that we can have clean and beautiful waterscapes in the vicinity of our homes, schools and work places. Let us work together to turn Singapore into a “City of Gardens and Water” that we can all live, work and play in.

I am sorry to hear about the loss of your childhood friend, Dr Lim, and I share your concern about water safety. Dr Lim pointed out that while we encourage more activities within or near our waterbodies, these should be carried out safely, and we cannot agree more with him. All our ABC Waters projects are designed with public safety as our foremost concern. For example, metal railings can be replaced by earth mounds, boulders or shrubs to form a natural barrier along the river bank. Play features will be in areas away from the main streams, with shallow waters for children to play safely in.

At all reservoirs and selected waterways where there are water activities, existing safety measures will continue to apply. For example, if you go to MacRitchie, you want to kayak there, you must wear a life vest. Buoys are used to demarcate areas where the water activities can be carried out. The Singapore Canoe Federation and People’s Association operate water activities centres at MacRitchie Reservoir, Bedok Reservoir and Jurong Lake with full-time staff to supervise the activities. During bad weather, all water activities are suspended.

Sir, these existing safety measures have worked well and there have been no drowning incidents since PUB started actively promoting water activities at selected reservoirs in October 2004. While we have put in place safety measures, I would like to encourage everyone to exercise individual responsibility and good sense when having fun in the waters. For example, parents should educate their children on how to play in the water safely. Water users should stay within the demarcated zones and approved activities, and they should avoid any actions that could put themselves or others at risk.

Mdm Cynthia Phua has raised some questions on alternative energy. I will address these later. Let me now turn to the final point by Mr Ang Mong Seng on whether we can review the requirement to install water tanks in HDB blocks.

Sir, in Singapore, treated water is distributed mainly by gravity from service reservoirs to various parts of the island through an extensive pipe network. Service reservoirs are large storage tanks sited on high ground to maintain sufficient water pressure in our system. As Singapore is generally flat, our service reservoirs are not sufficiently elevated for water to be supplied directly to highrise buildings. Hence, water tanks at the top of these buildings are necessary. This method of supplying water is an engineering practice adopted by other countries, as it is energy-efficient and cost-effective. It would be costly to supply water directly to high-rise buildings without water tanks, as this requires PUB to increase the water pressure by having additional pumping stations throughout the island to bring water up to the highest floors.

Besides the high cost of pumping, maintaining a high pressure in our system will put additional strain on the pipe network and increase the likelihood of leaks. Though proper maintenance and security of such tanks are required, the water tanks help to ensure continuity and reliability of water supply to the premises, especially in the event of power or pumping system failure. For example, during the Nicoll Highway incident, the water tanks in the high-rise buildings in the vicinity provided continuity of supply even though our water mains were affected.

Quality of Living Environment

Mdm Ho Geok Choo (West Coast): Sir, MEWR's and Town Councils' efforts have contributed in no small way to making Singapore one of the cleanest cities in the world and, in time, a green and blue scenic spot and a quality of living that many in the region envy.

In the spirit of continuous improvement, allow me to raise a few other environment related issues.

On noise pollution, Sir, with an increase in en bloc acquisition, including SERS and replacement with new buildings, retrofitting of old buildings, conversion of bigger flats to smaller ones, there will be increasing construction activities. Especially for those projects close to housing estates, we are receiving complaints from residents of increased noise pollution. I do believe that MEWR has a certain threshold for noise emission and that this level can be monitored. Beyond this level, what is MEWR doing to manage the noise level?

I note that noise pollution or its management does not appear on the agenda of briefings for members on the GPC for Environment. It also does not appear in the Environment Report 2005, the latest copy which I have. Is the Ministry serious about managing noise pollution?

Although the Minister has answered on the haze question, the haze still continues to plague us because it affects our quality of living. The question is: are there more specific forms of assistance to our neighbour? It is good to provide support to combat the problem, but what are we doing to prevent the haze from occurring in the first place? Since haze is caused by land clearing for economic activities, can we consider some form of economic assistance as an incentive, eg, grants for clearing land without burning, fertilisers, and even health grants to address respiratory problems of Indonesians affected by haze?

Sir, I also wish to ask, considering the state of bilateral relations with Indonesia today, what further challenges does the Minister anticipate in working with his Indonesian counterpart in combating the haze problem this year at the local level?

The next issue is on climate change. My next question to MEWR is that further to the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, it has been predicted that the sea level will rise between seven and 23 inches within the next century. This naturally worries many countries with large coastal areas. Sir, Singapore is not just a coastal nation. We are also an island surrounded by bodies of water. I would like to ask MEWR whether the Ministry sees this as a problem for us. What plans does the Minister have to mitigate problems arising from climate change, especially rising sea levels, on Singapore? What other challenges does he see from the IPCC report on Singapore in the coming years? Although we are located in the equatorial zone and relatively safe from earthquakes, is the Ministry anticipating possibilities of earthquakes? Are there measures that the Ministry is looking to address in safeguarding buildings? I was told that just a while ago, at about 12.30 pm, the whole of NTUC Building was shaking because of an earthquake felt, and also in other parts of Singapore. Can the Minister please address this question?

2.00 pm

Finally, Sir, I have noticed that there is no significant publicity given to energy labelling to consumers. I believe the level of awareness of energy labelling is still quite low among the public. I would, therefore, like to ask MEWR the status of this energy labelling campaign, both to manufacturers and consumers. How successful has this effort been and what is the adoption rate to date so far? What plans does he have to further promote energy labelling to manufacturers and consumers?

Mr Edwin Khew Teck Fook: Mr Chairman, may I request that I take both my cuts, one after the other?

The Chairman: No, there is someone in between.

Waste Management

Mr Edwin Khew Teck Fook: Thank you, Sir. I would like to support and expand on the concerns on this subject of waste management brought up by Mr Charles Chong and Mdm Cynthia Phua.

Sir, the continuing problem being faced by Singapore must be the increase of waste caused by the increasing population and the construction of mega development projects, such as the two IRs and also many high-end condominiums which are targeted at high net worth foreign talent and foreign professionals.

Looking at the latest recycling figures provided by NEA, the following waste categories are very much below the 2012 targets of SGP 2012 and will get worse, if not checked. Some examples are horticultural waste. The current recycling rate is 51%; 2012 target, 70%. Glass - current recycling rate, 5%; 2012 target, 50%. Food waste - current recycling rate is 7%; target 2012, 30%.

How is the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources addressing this projected increase in waste, especially when the Ministry of National Development is planning, in their Concept Plan, for a population of 6.5 million? Has MEWR allowed for this increase of Singapore's population and the larger than usual volume of waste generated with respect to a capacity of a landfill in Pulau Semakau? And, more importantly, what happens when Semakau is full in 35-40 years?

Another question I would like to ask is with regard to the construction and demolition waste, which would be caused by the larger than expected waste generated because of the active en bloc sale market. Many of these buildings, which are sold en bloc, will generate many tonnes of construction and demolition waste, as each is destroyed and make way for new buildings. How much of this waste can be recycled? What efforts are being made to ensure that as much as possible of the waste materials from these buildings are being recycled? Apart from bricks and concrete, what happens to the thousands of doors, windows, sinks, kitchens, cupboards, toilets, etc, which are part of the en bloc destruction of these buildings? What is MEWR, and possibly other Ministries, doing to recycle this waste, because if much of it cannot be incinerated or recycled, it will fill up Pulau Semakau even faster?

Climate Change and Energy Efficiency

Ms Lee Bee Wah (Ang Mo Kio): Sir, a lot has been said and reported in the media about global warming, the El Nino effects and so forth. I would like to know how much knowledge has the Ministry acquired in studying the impact of global warming, the changing temperatures, the rise in sea levels and the impact on plants and ecology in Singapore. Are we well prepared for the impact of the climate change? We talk about tree-planting and going ABC Waters as though the climate has not changed. We set up homes close to our shorelines, assuming that all that works well ends well. I do not want to be a pessimist, but all I want is that our Ministry is staying well ahead in the management of our environment.

Lastly, I would like to ask the Minister what is being done in the area of energy conservation. In Australia, we have read about how they are trying to phase out the use of environment-unfriendly incandescent bulbs to cut greenhouse gas emission. How widespread is the use of such light bulbs in Singapore?

Still on energy, can the Minister tell the House how dependent are we on our neighbouring countries for the supply of natural gas to generate electricity? What other alternative fuels are being considered so that we do not become beholden to only one fuel type? And, certainly, we cannot afford to have another sand saga happening to our power supply.

Mr Edwin Khew Teck Fook: Sir, hardly a day goes by without some news reports on natural disasters, climate change and global warming and as mentioned by many Members of this House. From the Stein Report and, more lately, the IPPC Report or Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, it is obvious that the world must act now to reduce carbon emissions or face the increasing fury of weather changes globally, eg, the highly destructive hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, and the recent tornadoes in the US, the floods in Asia caused by heavy and persistent rainfall, droughts in Australia and certain parts of China, etc.

Of special concern to us, as a small low-lying island, as shared by many others in this House, is the melting of the ice in the polar caps and the resulting rise in sea levels. If the world does nothing to reduce carbon emissions or business-as-usual scenario, it is projected by the Stein report that by 2050, temperatures will increase some 2-3 degrees centigrade. And this will bring a 5-10% increase in the wind speeds of hurricanes, doubling the annual damage that they would cause in the USA.

Heatwaves in Europe will kill more people and severe agricultural losses of over US$15 billion in 2003 will be commonplace and will affect many countries. Closer to home, Singapore was affected by, for example, rising sea levels and heavier floods, examples that were already raised by Ms Lee Bee Wah, because of heavier rains.

Second, vector-borne diseases, like dengue and malaria, will become more widespread with the increase in temperature and unseasonal rainfall patterns.

Third, declining crop yields either because of too much rain causing floods or too little rainfall causing droughts around the region. This unnatural pattern will adversely affect Singapore's food supply as well as its water supply.

Finally, forest fires in our neighbouring countries will exacerbate because of droughts leading to more days of polluted air in Singapore, causing more respiratory illnesses and reducing our economic efficiency.

These are not doomsday scenarios, but a phenomenon that Singapore has experienced over the last 12 months. With climate change and temperature increasing, this phenomenon is going to occur more regularly and with greater intensity.

I know some would argue that we are a small city-state, a little red dot, and that, therefore, even if we have the most efficiently-run economy in terms of energy efficiency, and even if we have the lowest carbon emission per capita in the world, our contribution to the global carbon emission level will be miniscule. By taking such a viewpoint, Sir, it is unwise, as Singapore should be a responsible global citizen. Singapore must face up to its responsibilities as a developed First-World nation and take the lead in addressing climate change. Indeed, we have done so by rectifying the Kyoto Protocol. We therefore have to take steps to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases and increase energy efficiency. We must therefore facilitate and encourage businesses to strive towards making Singapore a leader in the following four areas.

(i) energy efficiency for all sectors, both commercial and industrial;

(ii) technologies and systems for renewable energy;

(iii) resources and funding for renewable energy systems for the whole East Asian region; and

(iv) R&D in developing better, cheaper and more efficient renewable energy systems.

I would therefore like to propose that the Government look at establishing Singapore as an Asian centre or hub for sustainable energy, as Singapore would then be in the position to (1) provide and promote solutions to mitigate climate change; (2) develop, engineer, fund, supply, install, commission and operate many renewable energy systems in Asia; (3) attract technology and R&D foreign talent to come to Singapore; (4) generate many more high-paying jobs for Singaporeans and facilitate the training of many from the region to operate and maintain these systems; and (5) develop Singapore into a major carbon trading centre for Asia.

Sir, I would therefore like to ask the Minister two questions. First, will the Government take the lead in this new but very important sector for Singapore and the region to develop Singapore into a centre for sustainable energy, technology, R&D and carbon trading? Second, will the Government look at setting up a central agency to include the various Ministries that are already involved, in one way or another, in climate change or in energy efficiency to provide a one-stop shop? This is to attract renewable energy technology companies to Singapore, to attract energy and renewable energy project funding to Singapore and, obviously, attract the funds to come to Singapore. Third, will the Government provide clear guidelines and support for test-bedding, grit-feeding, allocation of sites for factories, tax incentives, etc, for these technologies? Fourth, to promote and develop markets for these companies and, finally, to develop a regional carbon trading centre.

Sir, Dr Tony Tan and the National Research Foundation have said that the Government will put aside billions of dollars to spearhead R&D in water and environmental technology. I hope a considerable part of these sums will be allocated to energy projects, as this is the most important field, now that we have our four taps in place and our water supply is stable. We can now turn to being the world's expert on renewable energy and energy efficiency. This is where we can have a headstart and make a difference and a considerable impact globally. It can only be a win-win situation as we will save energy for Singapore, thus reducing our production cost as well as making an impact regionally and globally by marketing our expertise in this area.

Energy Consumption

Ms Jessica Tan Soon Neo (East Coast): Sir, the industry sector accounts for 54% of all carbon dioxide emissions in Singapore. Greenhouse gas emissions are said to be responsible for the effects of global warming, which Mr Edwin Khew has so elaborately talked about. In Singapore, greenhouse gas emissions are mainly due to carbon dioxide emissions.

Can the Minister inform the House on the energy consumption trends in the industry sector as it is the largest contributor of energy consumption in Singapore? Given investments on growth and the impending initiatives like the IRs, I am sure that our energy consumption will be rising. Hence, it is important that we take positive steps to address the increasing energy consumption.

Can the Ministry also share on what is being done to help and promote local industries and industries operating in Singapore to be more efficient and responsible in their energy consumption? Is the public sector taking the lead in this area, and where do we stand vis-a-vis other developed markets?

As mentioned in my Budget speech, there are also good economic reasons for promoting responsible energy consumption, eg, increasingly, companies in the US are realising the consumers' favourable impression of their bottomlines.

Sir, Singapore has made good efforts to continue to improve infrastructure and quality of living. Beyond infrastructure, we must complement this effort with how we live and work. Otherwise, our efforts will be like someone making efforts to be clean and well-dressed but forgetting about oral hygiene - nice to look at but, when we start to speak, everyone will avoid because of bad breath.

Alternative Energy Vehicles

Mr Hri Kumar (Bishan-Toa Payoh): Sir, I do not have bad breath! Any effective regime which encourages efficient energy usage and good environmental practices must include measures to encourage Singaporeans and local businesses to purchase and use energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly cars.

The two areas we are focusing on are diesel technology and hybrid technology. The Minister has made reference to the changes in the rules in relation to diesel technology earlier. He said that from October 2006, all diesel engines imported into Singapore must be EURO IV compliant. That is correct. However, what we did see in the market was that there was a rush to purchase EURO II compliant cars before the deadline took effect in October 2006, with the effect that there are actually many EURO II compliant vehicles right now on our roads.

The Minister did mention that, over time, these would be phased out. But it really depends. If the COE premiums work a certain way, it may just encourage owners to renew the EURO II compliant cars and therefore keep those cars on our streets for far longer than we anticipate.

So we are looking at years before all diesel engines actually become EURO-IV compliant. In the meantime, as the Minister cited the statistics in relation to the PM2.5 hazardous level, we are 40%-50% over the US EPA-recommended range.

2.15 pm

On the second issue of hybrid technology, I understand the Minister will be commenting on this later. I hope the Minister will address what I consider to be the anomaly in our tax regime. While hybrid technology is obviously much more efficient, the cost of a hybrid car is almost 20%-30% higher than the equivalent petrol car. And in Singapore terms, that translates to many thousands of dollars. As far as the consumer is concerned, it is really a no-brainer which one they will buy. In addition to that, hybrid cars are taxed according to their power or engine output, which means they pay quite a high road tax as well. So even with the green rebate which is in place, again, it is a no-brainer on the choice of cars.

Finally, Sir, I notice that this particular issue of which technology to promote and so on is featured in a number of the COS debates, which gives me the impression that there are a number of Ministries which are looking at this particular issue. But what has not come out clearly is which Ministry is actually taking the lead in this particular issue. I would like the Minister to clarify that.

Hybrid Vehicles

Dr Lam Pin Min (Ang Mo Kio): Sir, modern technological advances have pushed car innovations to cater to the changing needs of Singaporeans. Previously, cars were gas-powered, and now car manufacturers have created hybrid cars. A hybrid car actually uses a combination of petrol as well as electricity, and hybrids are known to be environmentally friendlier compared to the conventional gas-powered cars. It consumes less energy, quieter to drive and emits significantly less pollutants to the environment. I would like to ask the Minister what is the population of hybrid vehicles in Singapore since the implementation of the green vehicle rebate in year 2001, and whether there are any further plans and added incentives to encourage more Singaporeans to drive such hybrid cars or other alternative green vehicles.

Environmental Responsibility

Ms Eunice Elizabeth Olsen (Nominated Member): Sir, opinion in the scientific community world-wide increasingly agrees that human activities are changing the global climate at an alarming rate with considerable dangers and uncertain consequences.

Singapore is a country that has been proud of being clean, green and efficient. We can do even more to play our part in dealing with this problem. We must do so for Singapore to have a future and to keep future generations secure. We can do so in many ways that will not necessarily impact our economy negatively. Indeed, a lot more can be done by ordinary citizens if they can be encouraged to recognise their stake and ownership of the environment.

While public education is needed, it does not mean that the Government should shy away from increasing regulations or offering more subsidies to improve energy efficiency and lessen contributions to climate change.

Let me give three examples. The first is the use of plastic bags. The Government has been working with supermarkets on a voluntary basis. May I enquire how well these voluntary measures are working? When I was living in Seoul, the cashiers would stuff my plastic bag to the brim with my groceries. At other stores, I had to purchase a minimum amount before they gave me a bag. Otherwise, I had to pay 100 won, or about 15 cents, per bag. However, in supermarkets here, you would think a plastic bag costs less than a smile. It seems that while there is some improvement in Singapore, the habit of using plastic bags is ingrained. Will the Government consider regulating on the issue - to impose a cost on plastic bags or otherwise more strongly promote reusable bags? We must see plastic bags as a burden to the environment.

The media also plays a role. I know that Today and the Straits Times have highlighted the issue before and should continue to do so.

A second example is on energy use in homes and buildings. In Singapore, the air-conditioning in buildings seems to be designed for the polar bears, Inuka and Sheba, in the zoo. Can the Government regulate and require higher standards for energy efficiency in our buildings? Can it also ensure that consumers and home-owners get more information when buying electrical equipment, especially refrigerators and air-conditioners, which consume the bulk of energy in homes?

The civil service should take the lead. Does MEWR have any say in the construction of Government offices or the retrofitting of old ones? For example, MOM is spending $18.3 million for the renovation of the MOM building and replacement of its air-conditioning system, and MCYS is spending $9.7 million for the upgrading works to MCYS' offices. Does MEWR ensure that the money is spent in an environmentally friendly way?

A third example is hybrid and other green cars, as other Members have mentioned. While there have been increased rebates for hybrid cars, these cars still command a premium over normal cars of comparable size. Can the Government increase the rebate so that these greener cars are on par with others? Alternatively, can the Government consider a "carbon tax" to make gas guzzlers pay more for the cost they are imposing on our climate?

Dr Amy Khor Lean Suan: Sir, Mr Charles Chong has asked, going forward, how do we intend to strengthen and capitalise on our 3P partnership to raise environmental standards and inculcate environmentally friendly habits. My Ministry has been actively promoting environmental
consciousness and ownership among our 3P sectors, as it is not sustainable to have the Government manage our environment and water resources alone. We have come a long way in working with our 3P partners in managing our environment and water resources.

We are seeing an increase in cooperation amongst the 3P sectors in promoting environmental awareness and activism. Earlier in my speech, I had mentioned how public agencies are working together in initiatives, such as the Inter-Agency Dengue
Taskforce and the Committee on Youths for Clean and Sustainable Environment. My Minister will touch on the private sector’s involvement in the environmental and water sector later.

For the people sector, it is important for the community to play a big part to maintain and improve their living environment. MEWR, NEA and PUB have been working closely with NGOs on various initiatives to reach out to the public. These initiatives are carefully thought through and implemented to either raise awareness on environmental and water issues, or enhance the general state of our living environment. For example, the Singapore Environment Council has been our partner in programmes, such as the 10 Litre Challenge, as mentioned by my Minister earlier; and the Climate Change Awareness Programme. As for the Waterways Watch Society, we have been partnering them to promote litter-free waterways and catchment areas. The Waterways Watch Society is also putting in place a five-year plan to reach out to the youth community, schools, national sports associations and corporate organisations. We have also been supporting the Restroom Association of Singapore in programmes, such as the Happy Toilet School Education Programme and the Portable Toilet Research Project.

We want to have more of such partnerships to further strengthen our outreach efforts. But I must emphasise that even as the Ministry does so, we will ensure that public monies are spent well and outcomes achieve our objectives. In all instances, we have the responsibility to evaluate proposals carefully, and work with our partners to shape the desired deliverables. We should not indiscriminately endorse and fund all ideas coming to us.

Over the past years, my Ministry has introduced various awards, including the Singapore Green Plan 2012 Award, to honour worthy individuals and organisations for their significant environmental contributions to Singapore. Past winners of the Singapore Green Plan 2012 Award include Senoko Power Ltd, Mr Jack Sim from the Restroom Association of Singapore, and Nan Hua Secondary School. Last year, we elevated the SGP2012 Awards to a Presidential level and renamed it as the President’s Award for the Environment. This is the highest accolade in Singapore’s Environment and Water Resources field and gives top-level national recognition to individuals, organisations and
companies for their outstanding efforts that have contributed towards Singapore achieving environmental and water sustainability. The inaugural winners for this award are Prof. Tommy Koh, Dr Geh Min and the Waterways Watch Society.

To complement the President’s Award, PUB and NEA will also introduce the Friends of Water - Watermark Award and the EcoFriend Award in 2007 respectively. The Friends of Water - Watermark Award is a 3P initiative to get individuals and organisations interested in water and develop an interest to do things to sustain Singapore’s water supply. The Eco-Friend Award aims to give due recognition to proactive individuals such as school teachers, NGO volunteers and grassroots who have contributed selflessly to the environment through efforts beyond their immediate job scope. Through these Awards, we hope to recognise role models who have made a difference to our environment and water resources in their own unique ways and encourage them as well as inspire others to do the same.

I am glad to note that there is a growing awareness and concern over environmental and water issues among our youths. My Ministry, together with our 3P partners, is committed to creating more avenues to engage our youths. Through annual dialogues
with youths and initiatives, such as the Environment Champions and Youth Environment Envoy Programmes, we hope to inculcate the value of environmental ownership in them.

I am also heartened to learn about the range of environmental activities being driven by our youth. Let me mention two such individuals. The first is 26-year-old Angela Lee. Her passion for the environment started as early as in secondary school, and she has since been sharing ideas at youth exchanges in countries like Switzerland, Malaysia and Northern Ireland. She has also helped organise an International Water Forum which saw 150 participants from eight countries discussing water issues.

Our second environmental youth ambassador is 20-year-old Oliver Goh. He has been passionate about environmental conservation since he was young. Oliver and members of the Building and Environment Green Volunteer group have been managing an educational and fun-filled programme on nature conservation for the public and school students at Hindhede Nature Park. As trained guides, they also provide a guided tour for visitors to the Bukit Timah nature reserve. The programme has so far benefited over 300 members of the public, 150 secondary school students and a 13-member Swiss delegation.

My Ministry has a great challenge ahead of us. A recent survey by NEA has shown that despite greater awareness of environmental issues among the youth - nine out of 10 are aware of environmental issues - awareness of individual responsibility and action is still not high. For instance, nearly 42% of the respondents felt that it was the responsibility of the Government to keep the environment clean and green.

My Ministry will continue to explore more creative ways to convert this awareness into action, and to encourage more youths to come forward to organise themselves and make a difference to their environment.

Sir, Mdm Ho Geok Choo, among the many issues that she has raised, has asked us about our efforts to keep noise levels down. Indeed, excessive noise can be a source of irritation that detracts from our quality of life. To maintain our quality living environment, NEA works closely with various agencies to monitor noise levels and address noise pollution from different sources such as construction sites and factories. NEA also engages construction industry associations in regular dialogues, and takes in feedback from the general public.

Over the past few years, the NEA has received an increasing number of complaints on noise from construction sites. In particular, there has been a significant increase in the number of complaints against construction noise at night and on Sundays and
public holidays. Noise measurements by the NEA, however, showed that for more than 90% of the complaints received in 2005 and 2006, the noise levels were actually within the legal permissible limits.

Nonetheless, in view of public concerns, my Ministry has reviewed the noise regulations for construction sites which were last tightened in 2001. For construction sites within 150 metres of residential premises, my Ministry, in consultation with key stakeholders from the construction industry, will further tighten the permissible noise limits for night time and on Sundays and public holidays. The noise limits for these periods will be revised to be the same as those for hospitals and schools.

Singapore is a highly urbanised and compact city, and noise cannot be eradicated completely. The increased level of construction activities is a sign that our economy is booming, but it may bring with it more construction noise,

as has been alluded by Mdm Ho Geok Choo. We therefore need to strike a balance by allowing some level of construction activities to carry on without depriving our population of a good rest during the night and on Sundays and public holidays. NEA will review the construction noise regulations regularly to ensure that they are in line with international practices.

2.30 pm

Sir, Mr Chong, Mdm Cynthia Phua and Mr Edwin Khew asked about our efforts in tackling waste and increasing the recycling rates. Singaporeans throw away a lot of waste, about 7,000 tonnes of it every day. In many countries, much of their waste ends up in landfills. In Singapore, we do not have the luxury of land and landfills, given the many competing demands for our limited land space. In fact, our only landfill in Pulau Semakau, the Semakau Landfill, was constructed in the sea at a cost of $610 million. However, it is not sustainable for us to keep building new landfills. Hence, it is important that we take action to reduce waste and thereby extend the lifespan of our existing landfill. We must move towards a sustainable waste management system.

We are glad to note that the waste disposed of in Singapore has decreased from a peak of 7,600 tonnes per day in 2000 to 7,000 tonnes (equivalent to about 1,000 refuse truck-loads) per day last year. This decrease is significant against the backdrop of continued growth in GDP, population and tourist arrivals. It indicates that efforts to reduce waste through recycling are working. I am pleased to announce that our recycling rate has reached a new high of 51% in 2006, up from 40% in 2000, and we are on track to achieve our Singapore Green Plan recycling target of 60% by 2012. For some waste streams such as metals and construction and demolition waste, we have achieved high recycling rates of over 90%. These efforts have reduced the amount of waste going to the Semakau Landfill and increased its projected lifespan by 10 years to 2040.

While the results are encouraging, our GDP, population and tourism arrivals will continue to increase. There are also many major development projects, including the en bloc projects and the IRs mentioned by Mr Khew. All these bode well for our economy and quality of life, but will inevitably generate even more waste.

We must therefore continue to push for more recycling. As highlighted by Mr Khew, there are still lots of food waste, plastic waste, wood waste and used slag that are not recycled and disposed of at the incineration plants and landfill. NEA has been facilitating the private sector in setting up recycling facilities for these wastes. We expect a number of new recycling facilities for food waste, wood waste and household waste, among others, to start operation in the next one to two years. This would further boost our effort and our capacity in waste recycling.

Mr Khew also asked specifically about the recycling of construction and demolition waste. Given the booming construction industry, more of this waste can be expected in the next few years. NEA has helped a number of companies to set up recycling facilities in Singapore to treat C&D waste into recycled aggregates for construction materials such as non-structural drain slabs and road kerbs. I am glad to inform the House that the recycling rate for construction and demolition waste has reached 98% last year through the various recycling efforts.

But recycling cannot be left to the Government and industry alone. Each and every Singaporean should do his or her part to reduce the amount of waste we throw away as a nation. To make it easy for residents to practise recycling at home, my Ministry introduced the National Recycling Programme (NRP) in 2001 to provide residents in HDB flats and landed estates with recycling services at their doorsteps. During Recycling Day 2005, it was announced that we are putting in one recycling bin for every five blocks of flats in HDB estates. This means that the majority of HDB residents will need to travel not more than 150 metres to reach a recycling bin. I am pleased to inform the House that all HDB estates will have these centralised recycling bins by end of this year.

Residents in condominiums and private apartments are not covered in the National Recycling Programme as their estates are managed by Management Corporations. But they are certainly
not forgotten. NEA is currently working with Management Corporations to provide recycling facilities for their residents. We would consider making it mandatory for condominiums to provide recycling facilities if need be. Our target is for all households in Singapore to have access to recycling facilities.

We are also addressing the waste generation problem at source. Sir, last year, my Minister announced that the Ministry is working with manufacturers and distributors to develop a voluntary packaging agreement for the food and beverage industry to reduce the amount of packaging used and enhance the recovery of used packaging materials for recycling. I am pleased to announce that to date, five industry associations representing more than 300 companies and another 10 food-related companies have agreed to participate in the voluntary packaging agreement. They aim to have the agreement ready for signing in June this year. This is a good example of how the Government and industry can work together to jointly tackle common challenges such as waste reduction.

Ms Olsen also asked how the Ministry is dealing with the issue of plastic bags in Singapore and whether we are considering any incentive schemes or tax systems on its usage, such as making the consumers pay for the plastic bags. In many countries where waste is landfilled directly, plastic bags pose an environmental problem as they are nonbiodegradable and hence remain in the landfills for many years. However, in Singapore, used plastic bags are disposed of at our incineration plants together with other wastes and the heat produced is used to generate electricity. So it is not entirely wasted. Moreover, many Singaporean households re-use plastic bags for their refuse and this is a good habit which we want to encourage.

What we are concerned about is the excessive and unnecessary usage of plastic bags. We are tackling this by raising awareness and educating the public. Last February, NEA, together with the Singapore Environment Council, launched a "Why waste plastic bags? Choose reusable Bags!" Campaign. This campaign was aimed at educating shoppers as well as cashiers at retail outlets to reduce the use of plastic bags and promote the use of reusable shopping bags. I am pleased to inform Ms Olsen that from our survey, we found that the cashiers were indeed, because of this campaign, stuffing the bags to the fullest before they give it to the customers. Then, in November, we launched the "Spot the Green Shoppers" contest. Volunteers from the Singapore Environment Council were stationed at supermarkets to spot shoppers who used reusable bags. Those who were spotted received a shopping voucher each. This year, we will be launching a "Bring Your Own Bag" Day to encourage shoppers to bring their own reusable bags to bag their purchases and we are likely to encourage the cashiers to ask the patrons to donate some money, if they ask for plastic bags, for a useful cause of course. We hope to make this an ongoing event so as to drive home the message of not wasting plastic bags.

All these efforts will help us reach the overall recycling target set under the SGP 2012, and bring us nearer our goal of having a sustainable solid waste management system. My Minister will now touch on the issues on climate change, energy efficiency, and the environment and water industry.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Mr Chairman, Sir, let me just address the point raised by Mdm Ho about earthquakes. I just want to report to the House - this is of course subject to confirmation - that there were two earthquakes this morning: one at 11.50 am, registered 6.6; another at 1.49 pm, registered 6.1, in Sumatra, at about 420 kilometres from Singapore. NEA, as you know, provides the Singapore Police Force, the Civil Defence Force, BCA and HDB with detailed information of earthquakes that have caused tremors in Singapore within five minutes of detection.

Sir, Mr Edwin Khew has asked about the progress that we have made in the development of the environment and water industry. The National Research Foundation (NRF) has identified the environment and water sector as a key growth area, and has committed $330 million over five years to promote strategic R&D in this area. To spearhead the growth of this industry, we have formed the Environment and Water Industry Development Council (EWI) under my Ministry in May 2006.

The main aim of the Council, which includes key agencies such as the PUB and EDB, is to grow our economy and create more jobs. By 2015, employment in the water industry in Singapore is expected to double to 11,000 with the value-add to the economy tripling to $1.7 billion. As the industry grows, it will need more specialist technical manpower, which means more jobs for Singaporeans.

Over the past year, we have also attracted value-added investments from major global water players to Singapore. So now, we have Siemens Water, GE Water, CH2M Hill, Black & Veatch, just to name a few. The presence of these global MNCs will help increase the vibrancy of our water industry and create many, many job opportunities.

Our home-grown companies have also achieved good success overseas. For example, Keppel, Hyflux and SembCorp made further inroads into the Middle-East market in 2006 and clinched large water and environmental projects in Qatar, Algeria and UAE respectively. My Ministry, together with other Government agencies, will continue to support the expansion of our companies to overseas markets, for example, through trade missions to key markets like China, Middle East and India.

Sir, going forward, technology will be a key enabler in growing our environment and water industry. To ensure that Singapore stays on the forefront of R&D developments, we launched the Environment and Water Research Programme (EWRP) last September. The programme will support R&D projects in Environment and Water Technologies (EWT) with funding of S$100 million over the next five years and there was good response to the first Request-For-Proposal under the programme, with more than 120 proposals received from the universities, public and private sectors. We have also recently launched the TechPioneer scheme to encourage early adoption of new technologies that may come through the R&D pipeline.

In addition, Sir, we will have schemes to help individuals and entrepreneurs capitalise on the opportunities in the EWT sector. The EWI plans to provide post-graduate scholarships to train professionals and researchers in EWT. For new companies and technology start-ups, a new funding scheme, known as Fast-Tech, will provide assistance in transforming ideas and research into commercially feasible prototypes. More details on these will be released in the coming weeks.

Sir, our efforts to promote EWT will have a positive spin-off on the MICE and tourism sector. Plans are being finalised for the staging of an International Water Week (IWW) in Singapore starting in 2008. The IWW will be an annual event to showcase water technologies, and create business and networking opportunities among water experts and industry players from all over the world. The event will help strengthen Singapore’s position as the hub in the Asia Pacific for leading water technologies, as well as the gateway for business opportunities in the regional and global sector. Some 800 delegates and 5,000 trade visitors are expected to attend the inaugural IWW, and this figure is estimated to reach 2,000 delegates and 25,000 trade visitors by the year 2015.

So through investing in R&D and growing the EWT sector, we can reap the opportunities that our environment presents to attract more investments, talent and jobs to Singapore.

Sir, let me now address the issue of climate change. Sir, the many questions raised by my fellow Members, including those questions raised during the Budget debate last week, indicate the growing concern over climate change.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organisation, projected in its latest report released earlier this year that global temperatures and sea levels are likely to rise, while extreme weather patterns that have been associated with climate change also often dominate headlines worldwide. Mdm Ho Geok Choo has asked about the problems arising from climate change on Singapore.

Sir, like other nations, Singapore will not be spared from the effects and the impacts of climate change. We have already put in place measures in response to the earlier IPCC studies, for instance to safeguard against the anticipated sea level rises. So today, all our reclaimed land are designed with a platform level of about 125 cm above the highest recorded tide. This should be sufficient to address a sea-level rise of 59 cm, which is the worst-case scenario in IPCC’s latest report. But to ensure that we address all the key risks, we have commissioned a study to better understand the possible long-term effects and the impacts of climate change on Singapore, such as changes in rainfall patterns, sea levels and extreme weather conditions.

This study, which is conducted by a team of local and foreign experts, will incorporate the latest scientific research on climate change, including the latest IPCC report. In fact, a number of the foreign experts that we have engaged have been actively involved in the drafting of IPCC's reports. We expect that this detailed study will be completed within two years, with preliminary findings expected next year. NEA will continue to work closely with other Government agencies to monitor and manage Singapore’s vulnerability to climate change.

2.45 pm

Sir, I also announced last year that my Ministry would be carrying out public consultation on the National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS). I am pleased to inform the House that the consultation has been completed. We have received more than 1,300 responses in our online consultation. We also conducted dialogue sessions with companies, industry associations, academics, environmental groups and youths. The feedback received has made the NCCS more robust. A notable theme from the consultation was the need to make Singapore an energy-efficient nation.

Sir, improving energy efficiency is a strategic priority within the NCCS. Singapore is reliant on fossil fuels for much of its energy needs at present, but this does not mean we cannot do anything about greenhouse gases. Efficient energy use is a proven way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using more energy-efficient equipment and appliances, or designing more efficient buildings, can save significant amounts of money in the long run without sacrificing comfort. As noted in a recent Newsweek magazine article, and as echoed by Ms Jessica Tan, energy efficiency is "one of the hottest topics in business - and a way to add billions of dollars to the bottom line". So it makes economic sense.

Becoming energy efficient is not just good for the bottom line. It is also an important aspect of sustainable development for Singapore. Energy is a critical resource used by many different sectors, such as industry, building and transport. Mr Hri Kumar asked whether there is a lead agency in this. MTI is leading a group of agencies looking into energy sufficiency and security. My Ministry has been co-ordinating the initiatives for energy efficiency under the National Climate Change Committee, or N3C, chaired by my colleague, Dr Amy Khor. The N3C provides a valuable consultative forum to discuss views and feedback from members who comprise public sector representatives, industry leaders, NGOs and academics.

Drawing from the N3C inputs, there is a need for a central agency to ensure effective implementation of energy-efficient measures. Just as PUB oversees water conservation, NEA will be the lead agency on energy conservation and efficiency.

Both water and energy conservation are critical for Singapore to remain a sustainable and economically competitive country. NEA will take the lead through a focused effort to promote and monitor Singapore’s performance in energy efficiency. Much more can be done, including working together with the other Government agencies to implement targeted sectoral measures. For these efforts on energy efficiency to be successful, we also need to cultivate a culture of energy consciousness among industry and consumers.

Sir, we can learn from the experience of other countries. In Japan, a country that also faces resource constraints, the industrial sector nearly tripled its output between 1973 and 2005 while keeping its energy consumption almost constant. Denmark, too, has seen its Gross National Product increased by 70% from 1973 to 2004, with almost constant energy consumption over the same period.

Energy efficiency can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce costs, and enhance our economic competitiveness at the same time. Yet, we know that, for a variety of reasons, energy-efficient choices are not made. Perhaps, this is because energy savings are often not immediately obvious, and so we tend to focus on the price tag and not the long-term savings, as quoted aptly by Mr Hri Kumar, as a 'no-brainer'. But I disagree. For example, many of us do not realise that the cost of energy to run a fridge is often greater than the purchase price of a fridge itself over its useful lifespan. This is where the Government programmes can help address these market failures, by bridging the information gap and by demonstrating the benefits of energy efficiency. Let me take this opportunity to elaborate on some of our planned initiatives.

Sir, Ms Jessica Tan and Mr Edwin Khew asked about energy efficiency among industries. Industry is the largest energy-consuming sector, accounting for 54% of Singapore’s carbon dioxide emissions. To promote energy efficiency in the industry, NEA launched the Energy Efficiency Improvement Assistance Scheme, or EASe, two years ago. EASe co-funds energy audits in the manufacturing and building sectors to identify potential areas for energy efficiency improvement. As a result of the scheme, 54 manufacturing facilities and buildings have identified energy efficiency measures which will result in $13 million in annual energy cost savings, and reductions of about 111,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually.

To further encourage companies to implement recommendations from energy audits, NEA will promote EASe, together with EDB’s Investment Allowance, or IA Scheme. The IA Scheme gives an incentive to companies that invest in improving the efficiency of resource utilisation or bring in new technology into an existing industry. Under the IA, energy efficiency investments can enjoy a tax exemption on income of up to 50% of the qualifying fixed capital expenditure. This should improve the return on investment on energy efficiency projects.

NEA has also been actively promoting energy-efficient technologies through the Innovation for Environmental Sustainability (IES) Fund. For example, NEA recently supported two projects with IES funding to demonstrate trigeneration technology. The two projects will help reduce carbon emissions by 23,200 tonnes annually and provide significant savings in energy costs to the facility owners. The annual savings for one of the facilities have been estimated to be over $900,000 annually. I am pleased to announce that we will extend the IES Fund for a further four years, up to Financial Year 2010, to continue to support innovative environmental projects.

Sir, Ms Tan has asked who should take the lead. Buildings also consume a significant amount of electricity. The building sector alone accounts for almost 20% of the electricity consumed by commercial and institutional buildings in Singapore. Having energy-efficient buildings is in the Government’s long-term interest as it not only reduces carbon dioxide emissions, but also reduces our expenditure on energy.

Sir, I am pleased to announce that the Government will lead by example by making our buildings more energy-efficient, and I hope this Chamber will also follow suit. All large air-conditioned Government office buildings, as well as polytechnics and ITEs, will conduct energy audits to improve their energy efficiency by March 2010. Some agencies, including MEWR of course, MOF and MOM, have already completed their energy audits and are projected to reap combined savings of $240,000 annually.

We will ensure that new Government buildings are designed with energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in mind. As my MND colleague, Ms Grace Fu, announced late last year, all new large Government buildings and new schools will meet the Green Mark certified standard.

We hope that, with the Government taking the lead, the private and people sectors will be encouraged to be more energy-efficient. In fact, some have already done so. For example, I understand that Alexandra Technopark has undergone an energy audit and is in the process of implementing the energy efficiency measures identified by the audit. They expect to realise total potential savings of about $600,000 annually. Aljunied Town Council has also conducted an energy audit on 40 blocks, with co-funding of about $60,000 from the IES fund. The recommendations from the audit, which include the use of more energy-efficient lights and power-saving devices, have been shared with the other Town Councils. I am heartened to note that several Town Councils have started implementing these recommendations. Even our Singapore Zoo and the Night Safari have managed to reduce their electricity consumption by about 8%. They achieved this through a range of energy-saving devices, such as installing automated lights and fans at their visitor areas, and switching to solar-powered as well as more energy-efficient light bulbs.

Sir, one key NCCS feedback on improving energy efficiency was to provide more information to the public. In response to Ms Eunice Olsen’s query, one of the ways in which all of us can help play our part in addressing climate change is by using energy-efficient household appliances. A consumer who chooses a three-tick air-conditioner, instead of a one-tick, would save about 1,400 kg of carbon dioxide emissions and $525 a year. That is a little price to pay to go green.

I announced last year that the voluntary Energy Labelling Scheme for air-conditioners and refrigerators will be made mandatory. This will begin as scheduled on 1st July this year. NEA will give the industry a six-month grace period to comply with the mandatory labelling scheme. I hope that consumers will make use of these labels to lower their electricity bills.

We will also extend the existing voluntary energy labelling scheme run by the Singapore Environment Council to include other appliances, such as clothes dryers, in the coming years. These energy labels will be made mandatory later on, if necessary.

Besides buying efficient appliances, we can also save energy by adopting good practices. Yesterday, Mr Sam Tan had brought up the need to help households reduce their energy consumption. I would like to take this opportunity to commend my colleague, Dr Amy Khor, on the new South West Community Development Council (CDC) initiative called Cool@South West. Cool@South West encourages residents to conserve electricity and cut their utilities bill at home, such as switching off appliances at the mains when they are not being used, and using energy-saving light bulbs. As yesterday’s Straits Times aptly pointed out, each energy-saving bulb can save $24 a year and I am glad to note that South West CDC residents have taken energy efficiency to heart. A survey conducted in Hong Kah found that about 80% of households are already using energy-saving light bulbs.

Similarly, choosing more fuel-efficient vehicles leads to lower costs and a cleaner environment. Mr Hri Kumar has asked about measures to encourage the use of more energy-efficient vehicles. In 2003, we introduced a voluntary fuel economy labelling scheme. The fuel economy label helps car buyers identify more fuel-efficient cars, although the actual fuel consumption also depends on individual driving patterns. As at the end of 2006, 84 vehicle models are labelled under the scheme. For the fuel economy labels to be more effective, car buyers need to be able to compare fuel economy figures of all available models. My Ministry will look into making it mandatory for all passenger car models to display the fuel economy label at the showroom.

Sir, in addition, my Ministry is encouraging the use of green vehicle technologies. I agree with Dr Lam and Mr Hri Kumar that hybrid cars are more fuel-efficient and less pollutive than conventional ones. We know that they cost slightly more. Indeed, such green vehicle technologies are becoming more widely accepted internationally. More models are being introduced, and our motor traders are doing their part by bringing them into Singapore. The decision to purchase a green vehicle is a lifestyle choice, but I am heartened to note that more car-owners are embracing these green vehicle technologies, despite the high prices. Since the enhancement of the Green Vehicle Rebate in January 2006, the number of green vehicles has gone up substantially from about 200 to 700. And I know at least two owners of such cars.

I am therefore glad to inform Dr Lam that the Government will continue to support green vehicles, and the Green Vehicle Rebate (GVR) will be extended for another two years to December 2009. With growing awareness, better technology driving down costs, and more models available in the market, I am hopeful that the take-up rate of green vehicles will continue to rise.

Sir, I believe our energy efficiency initiatives will enhance economic growth. We can make Singapore a more energy-efficient economy by helping manufacturers, building owners, drivers and ordinary citizens reduce energy consumption, increase savings and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Sir, Mr Edwin Khew has raised a few questions relating to renewable energy as well as economic opportunities from climate change. Let me try and address him within the limited time I have. Energy is a scarce resource that we must use as efficiently as we can. For this reason, NEA has invested in the state-of-the-art waste incineration plants that also recover energy to generate electricity. In total, energy from incineration contributes about 2%-3% of the total electricity consumed in Singapore.

Increasing worldwide concerns over climate change will mean an increase in demand for renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. Renewable energy will also help to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, a point noted by Ms Lee Bee Wah. While the costs of renewable energy still need to be brought down, NEA has been encouraging private and public sector partners to explore and test-bed renewable energy technologies through schemes, such as the IES Fund. For example,

NEA has provided $1 million through the IES Fund to test-bed solar photovoltaics at the Biopolis.

3.00 pm

We have identified clean energy as a strategic growth area for Singapore and are working towards growing a vibrant industry in this field, as noted by Mr Khew. In recent years, Singapore has had pioneering investments in solar energy, biofuels, wind energy and fuel cells. One important strategy in growing this industry is to build up the R&D and technology base on clean energy. My Ministry will continue to work closely with the Ministry of Trade and Industry to research on and test-bed clean energy technologies in practical settings in Singapore. For instance, NEA and EDB have brought together companies, such as Robert Bosch and DaimlerChrysler, to test-bed the use of biodiesel in our local setting.

Sir, we will also focus on carbon trading. As rightly pointed out by Mr Edwin Khew, there is an opportunity for us here. In fact, the Government has put in place the necessary process to help companies take advantage of the economic opportunities associated with emissions trading and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as provided for under the Kyoto Protocol. NEA has been appointed the Designated National Authority for the approval of CDM projects that support sustainable development in Singapore.
NEA will work closely with IE Singapore, which is the lead agency to establish Singapore as a Centre for Carbon Trading. NEA and IE Singapore have facilitated dialogue between project developers and financiers to create greater awareness of these economic opportunities. In June 2006, Singapore joined the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), an international partnership of governments and businesses that promote clean energy. Following this, a Renewable Energy Exchange was set up in Singapore to bring together investors looking for projects and developers looking for financing.

Sir, we have also supported the formation of the Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS) to grow the energy services and technologies sectors in Singapore. Whether we will become a hub or not, I think it is important to put all of these measures in place first. But, certainly, I share Mr Khew's optimism of us becoming a centre for such an activity.

I hope our efforts to tackle climate change will make Singapore not just clean and green, but also lean. We can be environmentally sustainable and play our part in the global effort on climate change while making Singapore more economically competitive. But we have to be realistic. We cannot do it alone. Climate change actions require all countries to play a part. Singapore acceded to the Kyoto Protocol last year, and we will continue to be active in international discussions to work with the international community on this global challenge.

Sir, in summing up in 30 seconds, I thank MPs who have raised concerns and offered their views. We have come thus far in the environment and water areas because of far-sighted policies and consistent practices through four decades. All these have been achieved even as we grew our economy. We are a small city-state that has shown that it is possible to safeguard our environment while we chalk up economic growth. But we should not rest on our laurels or even throw up our hands to say there is nothing we can do more or that our efforts are too small to make an impact. MEWR will continue to lead with other Government agencies and like-minded partners, hand-in-hand with members of the public who care for and want to do more for the environment. Where necessary, we enforce against lawbreakers to protect the public, but we do so with some sadness, as it is a breakdown of responsibility. We must continue to promote ownership of our environment in both our young and old. I hope Members too can also encourage residents to continue to be responsible for our environment and waters and choose habits that are environmentally-friendly. It is our environment, so let us all play our part and make this little red dot a little green, Sir.

The Chairman: Dr Yaacob, you still have time left. Yes, Mdm Ho.

Mdm Ho Geok Choo: Thank you, Minister, for the very comprehensive response to the questions asked. I think there is one question which I have asked and which the Minister has, perhaps in the interest of time, not responded. Could I get the Minister's response to my question on haze?

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: I have replied earlier on the haze issue. But in short, Sir, the five countries involved in the haze have been working actively. Mdm Ho asked about our relationship with Indonesia and our assistance.

Singapore has decided to adopt a province in the Muaro Jambi Regency in Sumatra to work together with the local government and the Ministry of Environment in Indonesia to develop a master plan to deal with the forest fires over there.

We have also agreed to contribute US$50,000 to the ASEAN Haze Fund. We were the first to do so. As a consequence, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei have also agreed to contribute US$50,000 each. The target set by ASEAN countries is half a million US dollars for the Haze Fund. Meanwhile, we will develop the master plan, together with our Indonesian colleagues, so that the master plan can be successfully implemented, hopefully towards the second half of this year, so that we can make sure that we can deal with the forest fires and the haze that may come again this year.

The Chairman: I am afraid I have to give priority to those who have made cuts under the Head first. Mr Charles Chong.

Mr Charles Chong: Sir, while we are on the subject of haze, could the Minister confirm that Indonesia has yet to sign the ASEAN transboundary haze agreement, and which other ASEAN countries have failed to do so, and the reasons, if he knows?

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, two countries have not ratified the agreement, namely, the Philippines and Indonesia. According to the Philippine Head of Delegation in Brunei, I think it is because the Philippines is going through an election. They will have to delay this until the next parliament sits or get elected sometime in the second half of this year.

I have also impressed upon my Indonesian colleague, Pak Rachmat Witoelar, that they should ratify the haze agreement as soon as possible. As I understand it, the agreement is now in the Indonesian parliament and it is still being debated. We have impressed upon him that it is important that he ratifies this as soon as possible because it has been there for the last 10 years.

Notwithstanding that, Sir, we will continue to develop the master plan because we need to make sure that we can deal with the forest fires as soon as possible.

Mdm Cynthia Phua: Mr Chairman, Sir, I have just two clarifications. I would like to request the Minister to throw in little guppies into our little streams, because this is also a natural way of indicating the cleanliness of our waters.

The second clarification is, in the management of food wastes in our hawker and market centres, is there any better way to dispose of our food wastes because, currently, it is very unhygienic?

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, I will leave it to the PUB to decide whether guppies or koi or whatever that is necessary to keep our water clean. We will explore all forms of biological methods.

On food wastes, I agree entirely with Mdm Phua, and that is why we are encouraging food waste recycling. I think Mr Edwin Khew's plant will be ready by the end of this year, and will be the first food waste recyling plant in Singapore. Meanwhile, we will endeavour with all the hawkers' associations to find better ways of dealing with the food wastes being produced at our hawker centres.

Mrs Josephine Teo: Mr Chairman, Sir, I would like to also thank the SPS for responding to my questions on First-World restrooms and First-World cleaners.

Firstly, I would like to ask the Minister if he would consider making NSRS training for cleaners a requirement in all public-sector cleaning contracts.

Secondly, the designs of our restrooms are very important in order for the cleaners to do their jobs properly. Would the Ministry consider having an in-house consultant to help developers and who else may be interested who are renovating their restrooms to make it really a job that a First-World cleaner can do well?

Dr Amy Khor Lean Suan: Mr Chairman, Sir, we encourage the cleaning contractors to get their cleaners trained under the NSRS scheme. Yes, we are certainly looking into the possibility of getting the cleaning contractors under our management to get their cleaners trained under NSRS.

As regards the design, actually we have changed the regulations before to increase the number of cubicles for women, as many of the problems with cleanliness really pertain to high usage of the women's toilet cubicles. Certainly, we are also working together with BCA to see how else we can improve on the design of toilets, not just the number of cubicles but where we place the hand dryers, soap dispensers, and so on, because that will also contribute to the whole cleanliness standard of the toilets.

Dr Lily Neo: Mr Chairman, Sir, may I ask the Minister whether he expects the haze in Singapore to be worse this year, in view of the El Nino effect? May I also ask him whether the cooperation with the Jambi Regency on the master plan will be on time to save Singaporeans from the afflicted episode and the dreaded recurrence of haze, and would he put his best efforts to prevent this haze recurrence?

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, I share my fellow Jalan Besar GRC Member's concern about haze, because it is affecting all of us. This year, earlier predictions were that El Nino was coming in the second half. But the current prediction is that it is weakening towards the first half of this year. All prediction models can only predict about three or four months ahead. So we will only know some time in May or June what will happen in the second half of this year. But, certainly, if El Nino is coming, it will be a drier season and, therefore, the likelihood of haze.

We will work very hard to make sure that the Jambi master plan gets implemented. The workshop will be conducted next week. In fact, I have been told that even the Governor might turn up for the workshop, because he wants to sit down with the Jambi officials to develop the plans, as they have to own the master plan. We will be in Singapore, but they will be there and they have to monitor the situation, work with the plantation owners and the kampongs . So we will do our best to make sure that the plan takes off this year.

A lot will depend on two things. There must be political will. We are fortunate that the Governor of Jambi, Pak Zulkifli, who is an old friend of Singapore, is a hands-on person and is very keen. But at the same time, he will need support from the central government, because this plan must also be owned by the Environment Ministry (the KLH) in Jakarta. We have informed Jakarta that we want to make this plan successful. The fact that Malaysia has noted that this is a good collaboration to follow shows that we are on the right track. If we can get all these factors aligned before the dry season hits us this year, we have a chance to deal with the haze. I am not sure whether we can prevent it entirely but, at least, we are doing something on the ground to work together with the plantation owners so that they can adopt better land-clearing practices.

Dr Teo Ho Pin: Sir, I want to re-emphasise that dengue prevention requires the efforts of all stakeholders. So I hope the Ministry will also play a role in dengue prevention. I also hope that the Ministry can give us more details on the size of the mosquito fund which it is going to give us and what are the details of this mosquito incentive fund that it is going to give to the Town Councils. We need to know the quantum. Is it $5 million, $10 million or $15 million? We need to have an answer so that, at least, we know how to proceed with our pest control operations.

Dr Amy Khor Lean Suan: Sir, certainly, the Ministry will continue to play its part to mitigate the problem of dengue in Singapore and work together with the grassroots, the Town Councils, CDCs as well as all other stakeholders to ensure that our fight against dengue would reduce the number of dengue cases further.

As regards the size of the mosquito fund, actually the size is not commensurate with the size of the mosquito! It is far larger. Let me just recap. NEA had actually earlier provided $4.3 million in funding in 2005, just for the Town Council to help kick-start the dedicated mosquito control programme in the Town Council-maintained areas. That does not include the funds that we ourselves put into increasing the number of staff for vector control, and so on.

The new incentive scheme for Town Councils, which will be in place for two years, is estimated to cost us about $3.4 million a year. Only Town Councils which have put in place dedicated mosquito control programmes in their estates, ie, they have source reduction via weekly inspections and checks for mosquito breeding sites, which has to be the principal control measure, then they are eligible to participate in the incentive scheme.

The scheme comprises a fixed co-funding component at 10% of the Town Council's contract sum and a variable reward component that is tied to the number of breedings as well as the number of blocks in the Town Council maintained estates. So Town Councils with a higher number of breedings will receive smaller rewards or quantums, not higher, or none at all, if they actually exceed their threshold. Rewards will be disbursed to eligible Town Councils on a monthly basis.

3.15 pm

Dr Lim Wee Kiak: Mr Chairman, two points of clarification.

First of all, I would like to thank the Minister for highlighting that there is generally an improvement, in terms of the dust pollution problem in Sembawang Town through the tripartite efforts of the shipyard, the NEA as well as the grassroots organisations. The shipyard was there even before the flats were built. In fact, the shipyard is as old as I am. The shipyard has currently spent a lot of money in terms of putting measures in place. Will the Ministry assist the shipyard, in terms of providing some financial incentive as well as providing some form of funding, so that it could put in more measures to control the problem better?

The second point of clarification is on the safety of our inland waters. Will the Ministry consider setting up stations with telephones, whereby someone could call the ranger if there are some problems. These facilities are not available in our reservoirs as well as in our parks. If something happens, we do not know how to call for help.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, Dr Lim is right. The shipyard has been there. They have been doing their activities. We control pollution at source. So we work with shipyard. If their emission exceeds the standard, we will penalise them. I do not think there is a case for us to incentivise them. We have to work together with them, and they have been more than cooperative in this particular instance. We have to make sure that they meet our standards. If they do not, we penalise them. We will continue with that modus operandi .

On the issue of safety in our waterways, I agree with Dr Lim that this must be in place. Most of us have handphones. So it is very easy to call for help. Perhaps, one way of doing this is to have certain signages so that people are kept informed of the numbers to call just in case of an accident. I will ask PUB to study that.

Mr Edwin Khew Teck Fook: Sir, just a point of clarification for the Minister.

I understand that there are large sums of money that are going to be spent on R&D. Is there a Masterplan on the EWI R&D for the next five years? If there is not, can the private sector contribute to the Masterplan?

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, my apologies to Mr Khew. He raised that question earlier.

There is a Masterplan for the R&D. We look at what are the capabilities that we have at this point in time and where we want to grow the sector. Based on that, together with an international advisory panel, our staff in EWI have been consulting and we have identified a few areas. I do not have the details here. I am more than happy to provide the information to Mr Khew. We also consulted the private sector. We had dialogues with the various water companies to understand what are their concerns, what are the areas that they like to look into. We set up the $100 million fund for R&D and we called for proposals. We have criteria on how we select the projects that we want to fund, and these criteria are based on the Masterplan. I will be happy to provide the details to Mr Khew later.

Mr Zainudin Nordin (Bishan-Toa Payoh): Sir, just one point of clarification. I am very happy by the efforts of the Government to lower the number of smokers in Singapore. But there is always this observation that I made regarding the basements of major shopping centres and buildings. Is there a misunderstanding that people think they can smoke in the basement of car parks in major buildings?

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, I have to check on that. I am not sure whether there is a restriction on that, but I have to check. In enclosed places, due to the secondary smoke effect, we do have restrictions. I will check and get back to the Member on this.

Dr Lam Pin Min: A point of clarification to the Senior Parliamentary Secretary. Although the size of a mosquito is small, the impact on our lives as well as the economic cost is quite significant, I believe, although we do not have any statistics to substantiate that.

In addition to vector control, I would like to urge the Ministry to also look into research and development of the dengue vaccine, because with the vaccine, we can solve most of the dengue woes that we are facing right now.

Dr Amy Khor Lean Suan: Sir, we certainly agree. Although the size of the mosquito is small, we are not taking any chances and, therefore, we are enforcing very strict regime in mosquito control. As regards research into the vaccine, certainly, EHI is also working with the Ministry of Health and other partners in the region to look into this.

Mr Sam Tan Chin Siong (Tanjong Pagar): Sir, I would like to move from the mosquito problem to birds. I notice that in many estates, there are always large crowds of birds gathered together to produce bird symphonies. I know that NEA has been very effective in dealing with the problem of crows. I just wonder whether the Ministry has got any plans to deal with the bird symphony.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, unfortunately, the birds do not listen to us. But NEA will continue to cull crows as and when we receive feedback that the numbers are growing. This is done not by NEA officers but we have outsourced to some private agencies.

Mr Hri Kumar: Sir, a clarification. I accept that the purchase of a car is a lifestyle choice, but surely one of the most important considerations in making that choice is the cost. While hybrid cars are substantially more than equivalent petrol cars, most consumers will not make that choice. Just as an example, the last time I checked, I do not believe that there is a hybrid car which is below $80,000. I think the Minister missed out on the mass market car section.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, the cost of a hybrid car depends on two things.

One, technology. As we understand it, some American car makers are now looking into slightly less efficient hybrid cars, as compared to the Japanese model. That may lower the price.

Second, is the question of volume. It is a chicken-and-egg situation. If more people are prepared to buy hybrid cars, more cars will be brought into Singapore. I met up with Toyota in Japan about two years ago. They told me that Singapore is not their primary market. Their market is in America, where the Hollywood stars and other personalities who are more green in nature are prepared to purchase such cars as a lifestyle choice. But as a consequence of that, the number of green cars have grown in America and the cost has begun to come down.

On our part, we will continue to work with MOF to see how much more we can move, in terms of the rebates, to encourage Singaporeans to take the first step. I agree with Mr Hri Kumar that cost is an important factor and Singaporeans, by nature, are sensitive to cost. So 40% is already a good start.

But, at the same time, we should continue to encourage Singaporeans. When we started the GVR, the number of the take-up rate was very low. It was only about 70 car buyers. Now, we have got 300 buyers. I think this is a good sign. More Singaporeans are turning to green vehicles and I think we should encourage it. But I must also emphasise that our transport policy is not just about motor vehicles, but also about public transport. We must also encourage Singaporeans to use public transport so that we can balance the modal split between public and private.

Mr Liang Eng Hwa: Sir, I would like to get an indication from the Minister whether the Ministry will push for a smoking ban in public areas where there are children and children's facilities, such as outside the kindergartens or the playgrounds. Because I do not see these places as less important compared to the entertainment outlets.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, it is difficult for us to enforce a ban in an open area. As I mentioned in my reply, we need to also give some space to smokers. I agree with him that it is not good or healthy for children to be in the vicinity of smokers. I would urge kindergarten teachers not to bring their kids to playgrounds where there are smokers. At the same time, we should also ask smokers not to hang around in the vicinity of kids. But all our kindergartens are smoke-free. We will continue to explore whether we want to extend the smoking ban to other public places.

Mdm Ho Geok Choo: Mr Chairman, I wanted to ask the Minister whether he could elaborate on the haze grants. Specifically, what would they be used for and in which area?

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, at the last AMMH in Brunei, the Ministers directed the Secretariat to study the Haze Agreement in terms of the financial regulations. At this point in time, we have to develop what we call "protocols" in terms of how the fund will be used. It has not been developed as yet. The agreement provides for a fund, but how it is going to be used will have to be developed by the ASEAN Secretariat. But, certainly, I think the sentiment of the Ministers there is that we do not want to fund projects for putting out fires only. Fire prevention will be our priority. Singapore would want to see the money go into capacity building, training local plantation owners and farmers on alternative land clearing practices, and even buying of equipment. Instead of burning, they could use tractors to clear the plantation. These are areas in which we are going into, but the financial rules are being developed now.

Dr Lily Neo: Mr Chairman, earlier, the Minister said that Singapore reclaimed land to cope with the sea level rise of 59 centimetres. May I ask him whether he knows of the study which estimated that the sea level will rise to 140 centimetres? Does it mean that the reclaimed land will be inundated should this happen?

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, the details of the fourth IPCC Report stated various scenarios at which water level may rise. This fourth Report is a step better than the third Report where they put probabilities - likelihood, higher probability - on certain scenarios. The 59 centimetres is the global average given in the fourth IPCC report. As regards 140 centimetres, I am not sure where that was obtained by Dr Neo. So, our provision for 125 centimetres above the highest recorded tide is sufficient to cover the 59 centimetres. But as I mentioned in my reply, we are studying this in greater detail. In fact, there is a committee led by MND to study what are the measures, after we have completed our impact studies, to make sure that we are safeguarded from any sea level rises in the impending future.

Dr Teo Ho Pin: Sir, I do not think the 10% fixed and 90% variable mosquito fund is fair to the Town Councils, taking into consideration that 17% of the breeding grounds are due to littering, which is the responsibility of NEA. I still hope that the Ministry can consider providing more fixed funds to support the Town Councils in its dengue prevention efforts.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, let us put an end to this biting question. This is a start. I think we understand the role of Town Councils in dengue prevention and we appreciate the role of Town Councils. We will continue to work together with the Town Councils. I appreciate the fact that funding is an important part of this exercise. And this is the first scheme that we are testing out. We will do it for the next two years. We will work together with the Town Councils to appreciate better their demands, and we can review as we go along. But let us have this scheme tested out first. There is a fixed component, because we understand that there is some fixed cost, and if the Town Councils' performance is good, they will be able to get the remaining 90%. So let us test it out first and then improve as we go along.

Mdm Halimah Yacob (Jurong): The Minister has outlined various measures to cooperate on fighting the haze this year with Indonesia and other ASEAN countries. I would like to ask the Minister, in the light of the recent sand ban and other developments, how will that affect the efforts at cooperation to fight the haze.

Assoc. Prof. Dr Yaacob Ibrahim: Sir, I like to echo the response of Minister George Yeo yesterday during the Foreign Affairs' COS. He said that we should look at these issues and how they affect our own interest. Whether the sand ban continues or not, the haze, if it happens in Indonesia, will affect Singapore and, therefore, we have an interest. Therefore, I see this as an important part of our effort to maintain the high air quality that we have here in Singapore.

Notwithstanding whatever spats that we may have and in the interest of Singaporeans' health, we will continue to work with our Indonesian partners. But we are realistic, as I mentioned in my reply, that there must be political will on the part of the Indonesian government. Since the October meeting in Pekan Baru, a lot of things have happened and I am a bit more optimistic this time around that Indonesia is prepared to do its part. The fact that they are prepared to put their targets out publicly shows a certain amount of commitment. Will they achieve it? We do not know. We hope they will. We will continue to work with them. On Singapore's part, our role in Jambi will continue. The workshop will continue next week. We have informed the Indonesian Environment Minister. He has given his blessings. As I mentioned earlier, even the Governor is coming down next week because he wants to be hands-on on this. If we can put the measures in place to prevent land and forest fires, then perhaps other provinces may want to replicate. And in the long term, it will help us because then, we will have a haze-free region.

Mr Charles Chong: Sir, I would like to thank the Minister and the Senior Parliamentary Secretary for their comprehensive responses. I think they have answered most of Members' questions to the best of their ability.

With that, Sir, I beg leave to withdraw my amendment.

Amendment, by leave, withdrawn .

The sum of $469,055,490 for Head L stand part of the Main Estimates.

The sum of $401,164,400 for Head L stand part of the Development Estimates.

The Chairman: Order. I propose to take the break now.

Thereupon Mr Speaker left the Chair of the Committee and took the Chair of the House.

Mr Speaker: Order. I suspend the Sitting and will take the Chair again at 3.50 pm.

Sitting accordingly suspended

at 3.25 pm until 3.50 pm.